scholarly journals Quantitative Assessment of Renal Perfusion and Oxygenation by Invasive Probes: Basic Concepts

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-107
Author(s):  
Kathleen Cantow ◽  
Roger G. Evans ◽  
Dirk Grosenick ◽  
Thomas Gladytz ◽  
Thoralf Niendorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Tissue Hypoperfusion ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost

AbstractRenal tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia are early key elements in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury of various origins, and may also promote progression from acute injury to chronic kidney disease. Here we describe basic principles of methodology to quantify renal hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation by means of invasive probes in experimental animals. Advantages and disadvantages of the various methods are discussed in the context of the heterogeneity of renal tissue perfusion and oxygenation.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by a separate chapter describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

scholarly journals Reversible (Patho)Physiologically Relevant Test Interventions: Rationale and Examples

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-73
Author(s):  
Kathleen Cantow ◽  
Mechthild Ladwig-Wiegard ◽  
Bert Flemming ◽  
Andrea Fekete ◽  
Adam Hosszu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Renal Hemodynamics ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Tissue Hypoperfusion ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Specific Control

AbstractRenal tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia are early key elements in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury of various origins, and may also promote progression from acute injury to chronic kidney disease. Here we describe test interventions that are used to study the control of renal hemodynamics and oxygenation in experimental animals in the context of kidney-specific control of hemodynamics and oxygenation. The rationale behind the use of the individual tests, the physiological responses of renal hemodynamics and oxygenation, the use in preclinical studies, and the possible application in humans are discussed.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.

scholarly journals Monitoring Renal Hemodynamics and Oxygenation by Invasive Probes: Experimental Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 327-347
Author(s):  
Kathleen Cantow ◽  
Mechthild Ladwig-Wiegard ◽  
Bert Flemming ◽  
Andreas Pohlmann ◽  
Thoralf Niendorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Animal ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Renal Hemodynamics ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Integrative Physiology ◽  
Renal Mri

AbstractRenal tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia are early key elements in the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury of various origins, and may also promote progression from acute injury to chronic kidney disease. Here we describe methods to study control of renal hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation by means of invasive probes in anesthetized rats. Step-by-step protocols are provided for two setups, one for experiments in laboratories for integrative physiology and the other for experiments within small-animal magnetic resonance scanners.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by a separate chapter describing the basic concepts of quantitatively assessing renal perfusion and oxygenation with invasive probes.

scholarly journals Dynamic Contrast Enhancement (DCE) MRI–Derived Renal Perfusion and Filtration: Basic Concepts

2021 ◽  
pp. 205-227
Author(s):  
Michael Pedersen ◽  
Pietro Irrera ◽  
Walter Dastrù ◽  
Frank G. Zöllner ◽  
Kevin M. Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Dce Mri ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost

AbstractDynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI monitors the transit of contrast agents, typically gadolinium chelates, through the intrarenal regions, the renal cortex, the medulla, and the collecting system. In this way, DCE-MRI reveals the renal uptake and excretion of the contrast agent. An optimal DCE-MRI acquisition protocol involves finding a good compromise between whole-kidney coverage (i.e., 3D imaging), spatial and temporal resolution, and contrast resolution. By analyzing the enhancement of the renal tissues as a function of time, one can determine indirect measures of clinically important single-kidney parameters as the renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and intrarenal blood volumes. Gadolinium-containing contrast agents may be nephrotoxic in patients suffering from severe renal dysfunction, but otherwise DCE-MRI is clearly useful for diagnosis of renal functions and for assessing treatment response and posttransplant rejection.Here we introduce the concept of renal DCE-MRI, describe the existing methods, and provide an overview of preclinical DCE-MRI applications to illustrate the utility of this technique to measure renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rate in animal models.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction is complemented by two separate publications describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

scholarly journals Noninvasive Renal Perfusion Measurement Using Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI: Basic Concept

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-239
Author(s):  
Min-Chi Ku ◽  
María A. Fernández-Seara ◽  
Frank Kober ◽  
Thoralf Niendorf
Keyword(s):  
Basic Concept ◽  
Arterial Spin Labeling ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Spin Labeling ◽  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Perfusion Measurement ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe kidney is a complex organ involved in the excretion of metabolic products as well as the regulation of body fluids, osmolarity, and homeostatic status. These functions are influenced in large part by alterations in the regional distribution of blood flow between the renal cortex and medulla. Renal perfusion is therefore a key determinant of glomerular filtration. Therefore the quantification of regional renal perfusion could provide important insights into renal function and renal (patho)physiology. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) based perfusion MRI techniques, can offer a noninvasive and reproducible way of measuring renal perfusion in animal models. This chapter addresses the basic concept of ASL-MRI.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

scholarly journals Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE) MRI-Derived Renal Perfusion and Filtration: Experimental Protocol

2021 ◽  
pp. 429-441
Author(s):  
Pietro Irrera ◽  
Lorena Consolino ◽  
Walter Dastrù ◽  
Michael Pedersen ◽  
Frank G. Zöllner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Dce Mri ◽  
Dynamic Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost

AbstractDynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) can provide a noninvasive way for assessing renal functional information following the administration of a small molecular weight gadolinium-based contrast agent. This method may be useful for investigating renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rates of rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for DCE-MRI studies in small animals providing practical notes on acquisition parameters, sequences, T1 mapping approaches and procedures.This chapters is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

scholarly journals Renal Blood Flow Using Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI: Experimental Protocol and Principles

2021 ◽  
pp. 443-453
Author(s):  
Kai-Hsiang Chuang ◽  
Martin Meier ◽  
María A. Fernández-Seara ◽  
Frank Kober ◽  
Min-Chi Ku
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Spin Labeling ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Spin Labeling ◽  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Reproducible Method ◽  
Longitudinal Imaging ◽  
Renal Mri

AbstractA noninvasive, robust, and reproducible method to measure renal perfusion is important to understand the physiology of kidney. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI technique labels the endogenous blood water as freely diffusible tracers to measure perfusion quantitatively without relying on exogenous contrast agent. Therefore, it alleviates the safety concern involving gadolinium chelates. To obtain quantitative tissue perfusion information is particularly relevant for multisite and longitudinal imaging of living subjects.This chapter is based upon work from the PARENCHIMA COST Action, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

scholarly journals Quantitative Analysis of Renal Perfusion by Arterial Spin Labeling

2021 ◽  
pp. 655-666
Author(s):  
Kai-Hsiang Chuang ◽  
Frank Kober ◽  
Min-Chi Ku
Keyword(s):  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Nonlinear Fitting ◽  
Multiple Delay ◽  
Delay Times ◽  
Tracer Kinetic ◽  
Arterial Transit Time ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe signal intensity differences measured by an arterial-spin-labelling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiment are proportional to the local perfusion, which can be quantified with kinetic modeling. Here we present a step-by-step tutorial for the data post-processing needed to calculate an ASL perfusion map. The process of developing an analysis software is described with the essential program code, which involves nonlinear fitting a tracer kinetic model to the ASL data. Key parameters for the quantification are the arterial transit time (ATT), which is the time the labeled blood takes to flow from the labeling area to the tissue, and the tissue T1. As ATT varies with vasculature, physiology, anesthesia and pathology, it is recommended to measure it using multiple delay times. The tutorial explains how to analyze ASL data with multiple delay times and a T1 map for quantification.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.

scholarly journals Analysis Protocol for Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE) MRI of Renal Perfusion and Filtration

2021 ◽  
pp. 637-653
Author(s):  
Frank G. Zöllner ◽  
Walter Dastrù ◽  
Pietro Irrera ◽  
Dario Livio Longo ◽  
Kevin M. Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Dce Mri ◽  
Dynamic Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Concentration Mapping ◽  
Analysis Protocol

AbstractHere we present an analysis protocol for dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) data of the kidneys. It covers comprehensive steps to facilitate signal to contrast agent concentration mapping via T1 mapping and the calculation of renal perfusion and filtration parametric maps using model-free approaches, model free analysis using deconvolution, the Toft’s model and a Bayesian approach.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.

scholarly journals Sodium (23Na) MRI of the Kidney: Basic Concept

2021 ◽  
pp. 257-266
Author(s):  
James T. Grist ◽  
Esben Søvsø Hansen ◽  
Frank G. Zöllner ◽  
Christoffer Laustsen
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
Sodium Gradient ◽  
Sodium Imaging ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sodium Handling ◽  
23Na Mri

AbstractThe handling of sodium by the renal system is a key indicator of renal function. Alterations in the corticomedullary distribution of sodium are considered important indicators of pathology in renal diseases. The derangement of sodium handling can be noninvasively imaged using sodium magnetic resonance imaging (23Na MRI), with data analysis allowing for the assessment of the corticomedullary sodium gradient. Here we introduce sodium imaging, describe the existing methods, and give an overview of preclinical sodium imaging applications to illustrate the utility and applicability of this technique for measuring renal sodium handling.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.

scholarly journals Recommendations for Preclinical Renal MRI: A Comprehensive Open-Access Protocol Collection to Improve Training, Reproducibility, and Comparability of Studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-23
Author(s):  
Andreas Pohlmann ◽  
Susan J. Back ◽  
Andrea Fekete ◽  
Iris Friedli ◽  
Stefanie Hectors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Routine Clinical Practice ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Comprehensive Collection ◽  
Mri Studies ◽  
Quantum Leap ◽  
Renal Mri ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Crucial Part

AbstractRenal MRI holds incredible promise for making a quantum leap in improving diagnosis and care of patients with a multitude of diseases, by moving beyond the limitations and restrictions of current routine clinical practice. Clinical and preclinical renal MRI is advancing with ever increasing rapidity, and yet, aside from a few examples of renal MRI in routine use, it is still not good enough. Several roadblocks are still delaying the pace of progress, particularly inefficient education of renal MR researchers, and lack of harmonization of approaches that limits the sharing of results among multiple research groups.Here we aim to address these limitations for preclinical renal MRI (predominantly in small animals), by providing a comprehensive collection of more than 40 publications that will serve as a foundational resource for preclinical renal MRI studies. This includes chapters describing the fundamental principles underlying a variety of renal MRI methods, step-by-step protocols for executing renal MRI studies, and detailed guides for data analysis. This collection will serve as a crucial part of a roadmap toward conducting renal MRI studies in a robust and reproducible way, that will promote the standardization and sharing of data.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.

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