Internalizing External Costs of Transport with a Focus on Climate Change

It is established that the interprovincial transportation in bus terminals of the Cities such as Ambato, Riobamba, Salcedo, Latacunga and Guaranda have contributed to the build-up of external costs of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) The climate change costs are calculated by multiplying the carbon emissions by the cost factor. To quantify the GHG emissions, this study has taken into account of both the direct and indirect sources of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG), as well as the ISO 14064.1: 2006 standard. In view thereof, it was found that the 11 bus terminals of the five cities, namely Latacunga, Riobamba Salcedo, Ambato, Guaranda-which accounts for around 3225 buses, had accounted for the emissions of 25,746.8 tCO2eq, 37,404.6 tCO2eq, 8,762.7 tCO2eq, 92,364.9 tCO2eq, 31,990.3 tCO2eq, respectively. Simply, the average load of such pollution produced per vehicle was 60.8 tCO2eq. and the total emissions were 196,269.3 tCO2eq with an estimated GHG contamination cost of €27,477,702 per year.

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Addressing Fairness Issues in the Carbon Tax Law: The Case of British Columbia, Canada

VNU Journal of Science Legal Studies ◽

10.25073/2588-1167/vnuls.4154 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Tsung-Sheng Liao

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

British Columbia ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Human Activities ◽

Carbon Tax ◽

Tax Law ◽

External Costs ◽

Carbon Taxes ◽

Tax System

The effects on the environment as a consequence of climate change are severe, especially the problem causing from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. It is necessary to internalize these external costs caused by human activities. Taxes should be levied on polluters so as to reduce pollutions. Thus, accompanying with appropriate complementary measures and policies, carbon taxes are effective to mitigate emissions of CO2. Meanwhile, the carbon tax system in British Columbia, Canada achieves notable effectiveness, is worth further studying and analyzing, and can become a model for Taiwan.

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External Costs in Inland Waterway Transport: An Analysis of External Cost Categories and Calculation Methods

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12145874 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (14) ◽

pp. 5874 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Florian Hofbauer ◽

Lisa-Maria Putz

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Air Pollution ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Future Research ◽

Cost Calculation ◽

External Costs ◽

External Cost ◽

Calculation Methods ◽

Inland Waterway ◽

Cost Categories

Sustainable transport, such as using inland waterway transport (IWT), represents a major pillar of the European Green Deal to reduce global warming. To evaluate the different inland transport modes (road, rail, IWT), it is crucial to know the external costs of these modes. The goal of this paper is a critical review of external cost categories (e.g., accidents, noise, emissions) and external cost calculation methods of IWT to provide ideas for future research. We identified 13 relevant papers in a literature review dealing with external costs of IWT. In a meta-analysis, the papers were assigned to the seven external cost categories: accident, noise, congestion, habitat damage, air pollution, climate change and well-to-tank emissions. The most investigated external cost categories are climate change, air pollution and accidents. Two studies were identified as the major external cost calculation methods for IWT in the abstract. Our paper shows that the data basis of IWT is significantly lower than for road/rail. The measurement of energy consumption and related emissions of IWT needs to be qualitatively and quantitatively improved and brought up to the level of road traffic, to ensure an accurate comparison with other modes of transport.

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Climate Change Impacts of Intercity Transport in the Context of External Costs and Their Internalisation

Transportation Research, Economics and Policy - Intercity Transport and Climate Change ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-06523-6_3 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 89-175

Author(s):

Werner Rothengatter ◽

Yoshitsugu Hayashi ◽

Koichi Fujisaki ◽

Hirokazu Kato ◽

Takaaki Okuda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

External Costs

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Using wood products to mitigate climate change: External costs and structural change

Applied Energy ◽

10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.04.007 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. 251-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Roger Sathre ◽

Leif Gustavsson

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Structural Change ◽

Wood Products ◽

External Costs ◽

Mitigate Climate Change

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Averting robo-bees: why free-flying robotic bees are a bad idea

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences ◽

10.1042/etls20190063 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 723-729

Author(s):

Roslyn Gleadow ◽

Jim Hanan ◽

Alan Dorin

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Computer Simulation ◽

Food Security ◽

European Countries ◽

Plant Interactions ◽

Plant Insect Interactions ◽

Native Habitat ◽

Insect Pollinators ◽

Insect Interactions

Food security and the sustainability of native ecosystems depends on plant-insect interactions in countless ways. Recently reported rapid and immense declines in insect numbers due to climate change, the use of pesticides and herbicides, the introduction of agricultural monocultures, and the destruction of insect native habitat, are all potential contributors to this grave situation. Some researchers are working towards a future where natural insect pollinators might be replaced with free-flying robotic bees, an ecologically problematic proposal. We argue instead that creating environments that are friendly to bees and exploring the use of other species for pollination and bio-control, particularly in non-European countries, are more ecologically sound approaches. The computer simulation of insect-plant interactions is a far more measured application of technology that may assist in managing, or averting, ‘Insect Armageddon' from both practical and ethical viewpoints.

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Modelling ecosystem adaptation and dangerous rates of global warming

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences ◽

10.1042/etls20180113 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 221-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rebecca Millington ◽

Peter M. Cox ◽

Jonathan R. Moore ◽

Gabriel Yvon-Durocher

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Warming ◽

Diffusion Rate ◽

Individual Species ◽

Genetic Evolution ◽

Rates Of Change ◽

Rapid Climate Change ◽

Warming Climate ◽

Intraspecies Competition ◽

High Trait

Abstract We are in a period of relatively rapid climate change. This poses challenges for individual species and threatens the ecosystem services that humanity relies upon. Temperature is a key stressor. In a warming climate, individual organisms may be able to shift their thermal optima through phenotypic plasticity. However, such plasticity is unlikely to be sufficient over the coming centuries. Resilience to warming will also depend on how fast the distribution of traits that define a species can adapt through other methods, in particular through redistribution of the abundance of variants within the population and through genetic evolution. In this paper, we use a simple theoretical ‘trait diffusion’ model to explore how the resilience of a given species to climate change depends on the initial trait diversity (biodiversity), the trait diffusion rate (mutation rate), and the lifetime of the organism. We estimate theoretical dangerous rates of continuous global warming that would exceed the ability of a species to adapt through trait diffusion, and therefore lead to a collapse in the overall productivity of the species. As the rate of adaptation through intraspecies competition and genetic evolution decreases with species lifetime, we find critical rates of change that also depend fundamentally on lifetime. Dangerous rates of warming vary from 1°C per lifetime (at low trait diffusion rate) to 8°C per lifetime (at high trait diffusion rate). We conclude that rapid climate change is liable to favour short-lived organisms (e.g. microbes) rather than longer-lived organisms (e.g. trees).

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