scholarly journals External Costs in Inland Waterway Transport: An Analysis of External Cost Categories and Calculation Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Hofbauer ◽  
Lisa-Maria Putz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
External Costs ◽  
External Cost ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Inland Waterway ◽  
Cost Categories

Sustainable transport, such as using inland waterway transport (IWT), represents a major pillar of the European Green Deal to reduce global warming. To evaluate the different inland transport modes (road, rail, IWT), it is crucial to know the external costs of these modes. The goal of this paper is a critical review of external cost categories (e.g., accidents, noise, emissions) and external cost calculation methods of IWT to provide ideas for future research. We identified 13 relevant papers in a literature review dealing with external costs of IWT. In a meta-analysis, the papers were assigned to the seven external cost categories: accident, noise, congestion, habitat damage, air pollution, climate change and well-to-tank emissions. The most investigated external cost categories are climate change, air pollution and accidents. Two studies were identified as the major external cost calculation methods for IWT in the abstract. Our paper shows that the data basis of IWT is significantly lower than for road/rail. The measurement of energy consumption and related emissions of IWT needs to be qualitatively and quantitatively improved and brought up to the level of road traffic, to ensure an accurate comparison with other modes of transport.

scholarly journals Multi-function biosystem based on Arthrospira Platensis for space applications

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Gabriela Soreanu ◽  
Igor Cretescu ◽  
Mariana Diaconu ◽  
Maria Ignat ◽  
Valeria Harabagiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
New Horizons

This study presents an introduction in air revitalisation practice by using a microalgae-based biosystem. Although the study is developed in the light of space applications, it opens new horizons for implementing such systems for terrestrial applications as well, where biotechnologies for addressing climate change and other issues associated with air pollution is in high demand. The experiments have been performed at laboratory-scale by using Arthrospira (spirulina) platensis as microalgae model. Influence of culture and illumination conditions, as well initial gas composition and other factors/techniques such culture filtration on the biosystem performance were investigated and the relevant results are presented and discussed. Based on the actual findings, future research needs are addressed.

scholarly journals Economic Evaluation of Renewable Fuels through Pollutants Derived from Internal Combustion Engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
György Szabados ◽  
Ákos Bereczky
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Renewable Fuels ◽  
External Costs ◽  
External Cost ◽  
Renewable Fuel ◽  
New Type ◽  
Biodiesel Fuels

Renewable fuels cannot be evaluated clearly as a part of sustainability from their air pollution point of view. A comparison test series have been conducted and from their results external cost has been calculated. Three different fuels and their controlled blends have been investigated, which are the fossil diesel, conventional, standardized biodiesel, and a new type, so called TBK-biodiesel. Fuels have been investigated in a bus Diesel-engine, which operated in steady state points. Air pollution components like CO2, CO, HC, NOx and particulate have been taken into consideration for the calculation. The calculation method is a self-made one. On the basis of the results it can be stated that the overall external costs are higher in all cases of engine operating if renewable fuel is blended in the tested fuel.

scholarly journals Meteorological Applications Benefiting from an Improved Understanding of Atmospheric Exchange Processes over Mountains

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan De Wekker ◽  
Meinolf Kossmann ◽  
Jason Knievel ◽  
Lorenzo Giovannini ◽  
Ethan Gutmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Atmospheric Exchange ◽  
New Research ◽  
Energy Transportation

This paper reviews the benefits of a better understanding of atmospheric exchange processes over mountains. These processes affect weather and climate variables that are important in meteorological applications related to many scientific disciplines and sectors of the economy. We focus this review on examples of meteorological applications in hydrology, ecology, agriculture, urban planning, wind energy, transportation, air pollution, and climate change. These examples demonstrate the benefits of a more accurate knowledge of atmospheric exchange processes over mountains, including a better understanding of snow redistribution, microclimate, land-cover change, frost hazards, urban ventilation, wind gusts, road temperatures, air pollution, and the impacts of climate change. The examples show that continued research on atmospheric exchange processes over mountains is warranted, and that a recognition of the potential benefits can inspire new research directions. An awareness of the links between basic research topics and applications is important to the success and impact of new efforts that aim at better understanding atmospheric exchange processes over mountains. To maximize the benefits of future research for meteorological applications, coordinated international efforts involving scientists studying atmospheric exchange processes, as well as scientists and stakeholders representing many other scientific disciplines and economic sectors are required.

scholarly journals Quantification of the noise charges for the selected road network sections

2018 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 04047
Author(s):  
Martina Margorínová ◽  
Marjan Lep ◽  
Mária Trojanová
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Member State ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
External Costs ◽  
The Road ◽  
Negative Impacts

Road traffic is the most used kind of transportation which has a lot of benefits. Except of these benefits, the road traffic causes a lot of negative impacts like a congestions, air pollution and noise. The proposal of European Parliament is reduction of these impacts by their inclusion to the road charges. In the annex of amending directive 1999/62ES are stated prices for congestion and external costs. If the member state wants higher amount like are stated, they have to be calculated. One element of external costs is noise costs. Noise from road transport causes health problems and has annoying effect to people. In this article, it was processed proposal of noise charges quantification, which consist of a few steps. This process was applied for quantifying noise charges with real values for Slovakia and Slovenia.

scholarly journals External Costs on The Island of Vis: Comparison of two Traffic Modes

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-234
Author(s):  
Luka Vukić ◽  
Lidija Runko Luttenberger ◽  
Katarina Balić ◽  
Merica Slišković
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
External Costs ◽  
External Cost ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
The Road ◽  
Maritime Traffic ◽  
Emission Standards ◽  
Port Infrastructure ◽  
The Town

External cost of road traffic, identified as the highest among traffic modes, is an important indicator of the European Union's transport policy to shift traffic off the road to a more environmentally acceptable mode. Ferry traffic generates benefits to each port of call in localities having invested in port infrastructure, and there is an interest of the local community to have their own ferry line, especially on islands. Two alternative ferry lines have been created combining maritime and road traffic on the specific route from the town of Vis to the town of Komiža and compared from the external costs standpoint. The first alternative ferry line comprises one port of call in the town of Vis, combining it with a road modality to and from the town of Komiža. In the second  alternative, the road traffic has been excluded and two ferry ports of call have been introduced, one towards the town of Vis and the other by extending the ferry voyage to the town of Komiža. The results show the model of one port of call with the integration of more road traffic on the specific route as a better solution. Despite the use of ultra-low sulphur diesel fuel on ferries, the absence of congestion in road traffic on the island of Vis and generally slow implementation of modern emission standards in maritime traffic, road traffic seems to provide a better solution as an environmentally more acceptable mode on this route.

scholarly journals Estimation of External Costs of Transport in Canton Sarajevo for 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Račić
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
External Costs ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Measured Concentration ◽  
Duke University

The main aim of this paper is to raise awareness of the necessity to estimate the external costs of transport, and in particular in urban area of Canton Sarajevo. It does not provide full extent of the costs as it focuses only on two components, air pollution and accidents. It focuses on the concise methodology for estimation of external expenses of air pollution from road and air transport and road traffic accidents, using official statistical data for modeling emissions (COPERT 4, Copert Street Level, IPPC Tier 3A methodology) and for accounting road traffic accidents. Statistical significance of correlation between traffic flow and measured concentration of pollutant at Otoka location is determined by Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Air pollution and traffic accidents are monetized according to the Synapse Energy Economics cost estimation of metric ton of CO2, and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, for other pollutants, while estimation methodology for both air pollution and traffic accidents is done in line with Handbook on External Costs of Transport, European Commission.

Positive Aspects of COVID 19 Pandemic: A Blessing in Disguis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 187-191
Author(s):  
Anjankar Ashish P ◽  
Anjankar Vaibhav P ◽  
Anjankar Anil J ◽  
Kanyal Lata
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Heart Attack ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
The World

COVID 19 is undeniably one of the deadliest diseases that humanity has ever seen. It continues to affect the lives and livelihood of people appallingly across the world. Maximum discussions focus towards the apprehension of catching the infection, dwelling in homes, overpopulated nursing homes and shut down of all kinds. But, here let’s discuss the positive side of COVID 19 pandemic.As COVID 19 has spread its influence all over the world, affected countries have either announced lockdown or have implemented severe restrictions in their respective countries. Because of this, everyone dwells in their homes. Thus, exercising social distancing and functioning from home. All of the above is directed at restricting the transmission of coronavirus and expectantly ostracising the fatality from COVID 19. These transformations have also brought about some unanticipated emanations; some good things have come out of the pandemic as well. Positive effects of COVID 19 are seen on reduced road traffic, and road traffic accidents lowered levels of air pollution which has to lead to lowered heart attack rates and rejuvenating environment. Crime rates have fallen, and expenses are reduced in most places. Community action, communication amongst families, behaviour, sanitation, hygiene, online and distance education has positively impacted by COVID 19 pandemic. COVID 19 despite a bane for humans, can be thought of a boon for living beings. The habitats and elements have been purified with the stringent use of petrochemical products. To breathe fresh air and to consume purified water is a boon by itself. Now, it is time for humans to lead a caring life to every bounty bestowed on them by Nature. This thoughtful and considerate life will give hope for a healthy, stress-free life.

scholarly journals Monetizing the Burden of Childhood Asthma Due to Traffic Related Air Pollution in the Contiguous United States in 2010

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7864
Author(s):  
Minaal Farrukh ◽  
Haneen Khreis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Cost Burden ◽  
Incident Cases

Background: Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) refers to the wide range of air pollutants emitted by traffic that are dispersed into the ambient air. Emerging evidence shows that TRAP can increase asthma incidence in children. Living with asthma can carry a huge financial burden for individuals and families due to direct and indirect medical expenses, which can include costs of hospitalization, medical visits, medication, missed school days, and loss of wages from missed workdays for caregivers. Objective: The objective of this paper is to estimate the economic impact of childhood asthma incident cases attributable to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a common traffic-related air pollutant in urban areas, in the United States at the state level. Methods: We calculate the direct and indirect costs of childhood asthma incident cases attributable to NO2 using previously published burden of disease estimates and per person asthma cost estimates. By multiplying the per person indirect and direct costs for each state with the NO2-attributable asthma incident cases in each state, we were able to estimate the total cost of childhood asthma cases attributable to NO2 in the United States. Results: The cost calculation estimates the total direct and indirect annual cost of childhood asthma cases attributable to NO2 in the year 2010 to be $178,900,138.989 (95% CI: $101,019,728.20–$256,980,126.65). The state with the highest cost burden is California with $24,501,859.84 (95% CI: $10,020,182.62–$38,982,261.250), and the state with the lowest cost burden is Montana with $88,880.12 (95% CI: $33,491.06–$144,269.18). Conclusion: This study estimates the annual costs of childhood asthma incident cases attributable to NO2 and demonstrates the importance of conducting economic impacts studies of TRAP. It is important for policy-making institutions to focus on this problem by advocating and supporting more studies on TRAP’s impact on the national economy and health, including these economic impact estimates in the decision-making process, and devising mitigation strategies to reduce TRAP and the population’s exposure.

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