Reference Values for Trace Element Concentrations in Whole Blood, Serum, Hair, Liver, Milk, and Urine Specimens from Human Subjects

1988 ◽  
pp. 535-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatesh Iyengar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Element Concentrations ◽  
Urine Specimens

Trace elements in human clinical specimens: evaluation of literature data to identify reference values.

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Iyengar ◽  
J Woittiez
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Wide Scatter ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Reference values are proposed for the concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, and Zn in whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair from adult human subjects. For F, I, and Ni, it was not possible to evaluate reference intervals for all the specimens mentioned above. For several elements, including Al, B, Br, Cs, Li, Rb, U, and V, the present status of the literature does not provide an adequate basis for formulating baseline concentrations; therefore, results from selected investigations are listed for information only. For elements such as Cu, Fe, and Zn, which are known to be homeostatically controlled, the concentrations in whole blood and blood serum follow a gaussian-like frequency distribution, and we could consider both median and mean values for evaluation. On the other hand, elements whose concentrations in tissues and body fluids are influenced by dietary availability (e.g., As and Se) or environmental factors (e.g., Cd, Hg, and Pb) show wide scatter. In these cases, the median appeared to be a better indicator of the central tendency than the mean, when different populations are involved. These points are illustrated.

Development and Validation of an ICP-MS Method and Its Application to Determine Multiple Trace Elements in Small Volumes of Whole Blood and Plasma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E M Tanvir ◽  
Karen M Whitfield ◽  
Jack C Ng ◽  
P Nicholas Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Element Concentrations

Abstract Essential and nonessential element concentrations in human blood provide important information on the nutritional status of individuals and can assist in the screening or diagnosis of certain disorders and their association with other causative factors. A simple and sensitive method, suitable for use with small sample volumes, for quantification of multiple trace element concentrations in whole blood and plasma has been developed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Method validation was performed using standard reference materials of whole blood and serum using varying sample treatments with nitric acid, water and hydrogen peroxide. The method was applied to quantify the trace element concentrations in whole blood and plasma samples (0.1 mL) from 50 adult blood donors in Queensland. The whole blood sample (5 mL) was collected in Vacutainer tubes with K2EDTA as anticoagulant. The developed method was able to quantify, in blood and plasma samples over a wide range of concentrations, several essential elements: cobalt, copper, zinc, iron, manganese and selenium; the nutritionally probably essential elements vanadium and strontium; and nonessential elements including lead, cadmium, arsenic, caesium, barium, thallium and uranium. Significant differences (P < 0.0001) were observed between whole blood and plasma concentrations for 13 elements; 5 of the measured elements, cobalt (0.49 vs. 0.36 μg/L), copper (1.0 vs. 0.75 mg/L), strontium (28 vs. 16 μg/L), barium (1.5 vs. 0.64 μg/L) and thallium (0.06 vs. 0.03 μg/L), had higher mean concentrations in plasma than in blood. Whole blood concentrations of nine trace elements were significantly correlated (P < 0.0001) with plasma concentrations. The distribution of the trace elements between human blood and plasma varied considerably for the different elements. These results indicate that, using a small sample volume, this assay is suitable for the evaluation of nutritional status as well as in monitoring human toxic elemental exposures.

Trace element concentrations in follicular fluid of small follicles differ from those in blood serum, and may represent long-term exposure

2009 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 1771-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tali Silberstein ◽  
Oshra Saphier ◽  
Ofra Paz-Tal ◽  
Liliana Gonzalez ◽  
David L. Keefe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Element Concentrations

Antiheparin Activity of Human Serum and Platelet Factor 4

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 093-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H.J Sear ◽  
L Poller ◽  
F.R.C Path
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Antiheparin Activity

SummaryThe antiheparin activity of normal serum has been studied by comparing the antiheparin activities of sera obtained from normal whole blood, platelet-rich plasma and platelet-’free’ plasma with a purified platelet extract during differential isoelectric precipitation and by gel filtration chromatography.The mean values for the activity of PRP-serum and PFP-serum were 106% (S.D. 11) and 10% (S.D. 3) of untreated whole blood respectively. The activity of whole blood serum, PRP serum and whole blood serum plus platelet extract precipitated under identical physical conditions, i.e. pH 7.0, I =0.008, indicating that the activities of the three samples are probably associated with PF4. PF4 precipitated from human platelet extract at pH 4.0, but this is probably due to the difference in the two biochemical environments investigated, i.e. serum and platelet extract.The gel filtration experiments revealed striking similarities between the major antiheparin activities of serum and platelet extract. At physiological pH and ionic strength both activities were associated with high molecular weight material, but at physiological pH and elevated ionic strength both activities behaved as much smaller entities of molecular weight between 25,000 and 30,000 daltons and it seems very likely that both activities are associated with the same molecule, i.e. PF4.

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