Trace elements in human clinical specimens: evaluation of literature data to identify reference values.

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
V Iyengar ◽  
J Woittiez
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Wide Scatter ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Reference values are proposed for the concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, and Zn in whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair from adult human subjects. For F, I, and Ni, it was not possible to evaluate reference intervals for all the specimens mentioned above. For several elements, including Al, B, Br, Cs, Li, Rb, U, and V, the present status of the literature does not provide an adequate basis for formulating baseline concentrations; therefore, results from selected investigations are listed for information only. For elements such as Cu, Fe, and Zn, which are known to be homeostatically controlled, the concentrations in whole blood and blood serum follow a gaussian-like frequency distribution, and we could consider both median and mean values for evaluation. On the other hand, elements whose concentrations in tissues and body fluids are influenced by dietary availability (e.g., As and Se) or environmental factors (e.g., Cd, Hg, and Pb) show wide scatter. In these cases, the median appeared to be a better indicator of the central tendency than the mean, when different populations are involved. These points are illustrated.

scholarly journals BIOMETRY OF CALCIUM, INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS, CHOLESTEROL, AND LIPOID PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS

1929 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin R. Harnes
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mathematical Significance ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean

A series of determinations of inorganic phosphorus, calcium, cholesterol, and lecithin were made on a group of 10 animals living in the laboratory from Oct. 27, 1927, to May 17, 1928. A marked difference in both the trend and absolute values was noted in animals living in the laboratory when compared with the values obtained for animals living out-of-doors. With animals living in the open, the trend of variation for calcium was found to be the same. However, animals living in the laboratory maintained a higher level over the same period of time. The inorganic phosphorus and lecithin both showed a marked decrease and both maintained a lower level than was found in animals just received from the dealer. The cholesterol content of whole blood exhibited a similar trend in both groups of animals. However, it was found that animals living in the laboratory maintained a lower level than animals living out-of-doors. The mean value for calcium was found to be 15.7 ±0.05, for inorganic phosphorus 4.65 ±0.05 mg. per 100 cc. of blood serum, and for cholesterol 58.2 ±0.39 and lecithin 118.4 ±1.13 mg. per 100 cc. of whole blood. The coefficients of correlation having the highest degree of mathematical significance were obtained from the mean values for individual animals.

Antiheparin Activity of Human Serum and Platelet Factor 4

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 093-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H.J Sear ◽  
L Poller ◽  
F.R.C Path
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Antiheparin Activity

SummaryThe antiheparin activity of normal serum has been studied by comparing the antiheparin activities of sera obtained from normal whole blood, platelet-rich plasma and platelet-’free’ plasma with a purified platelet extract during differential isoelectric precipitation and by gel filtration chromatography.The mean values for the activity of PRP-serum and PFP-serum were 106% (S.D. 11) and 10% (S.D. 3) of untreated whole blood respectively. The activity of whole blood serum, PRP serum and whole blood serum plus platelet extract precipitated under identical physical conditions, i.e. pH 7.0, I =0.008, indicating that the activities of the three samples are probably associated with PF4. PF4 precipitated from human platelet extract at pH 4.0, but this is probably due to the difference in the two biochemical environments investigated, i.e. serum and platelet extract.The gel filtration experiments revealed striking similarities between the major antiheparin activities of serum and platelet extract. At physiological pH and ionic strength both activities were associated with high molecular weight material, but at physiological pH and elevated ionic strength both activities behaved as much smaller entities of molecular weight between 25,000 and 30,000 daltons and it seems very likely that both activities are associated with the same molecule, i.e. PF4.

scholarly journals Reference values of plasma homocysteine in Cuban children and adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Concepción Alvarez ◽  
Ivette Camayd Viera ◽  
Lisy Vento Buigues ◽  
Yanet Fernández Martínez ◽  
Eraida Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Coffee Consumption ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Multifactorial Diseases ◽  
Weak Association ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Cuban Population

AbstractObjectivesHomocysteine (Hcy) is a nonessential amino acid, produced by the demethylation of methionine. High Hcy levels, or hyperhomocysteinemia, have been associated with genetic and multifactorial diseases. Hcy reference values may vary between different populations, as Hcy levels are affected by factors such as sex, age, diet, smoking, and coffee consumption. The estimation reference interval (RI) allows to establish the normal values of this marker in population. At present, these levels are unknown in Cuba. The aim of this work is to estimate the Hcy reference intervals in Cuban children and adults.MethodsTotal Hcy concentration was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in plasma. Hcy levels were evaluated in samples from 507 healthy individuals (260 children, 247 adults).ResultsRIs were estimated by nonparametric methods. We found significant differences between both age groups, but we did not find significant differences between sexes, within these groups. The established ranges were 2.56–14.55 µM and 3.63–17.19 µM for children and adults, respectively. Also, we observed a weak association between Hcy levels and age in both sex groups.ConclusionsThis is the first study that assesses Hcy reference values in Cuban population. Our results will allow the introduction of Hcy as a biochemical marker in laboratory testing.

scholarly journals Intra- and interindividual variability of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, γ-glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume in teetotalers

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 2120-2125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Helander ◽  
Erling Vabö ◽  
Klas Levin ◽  
Stefan Borg
Keyword(s):  
Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Corpuscular Volume ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Reference Limit ◽  
Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Blood samples for determination of the biochemical alcohol markers carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in serum, γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in serum, and erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were collected once every 1–2 weeks over ∼5 months from 10 female and 4 male teetotalers. Mean values for serum CDT (using the CDTectTM assay) ranged from 9.9 to 29.4 units/L (median, 14.2 units/L), and the highest results were obtained in the women. The mean values for serum GGT ranged from 0.15 to 0.49 μkat/L (median, 0.30 μkat/L, or 18 U/L) except for one woman with a very high mean of 3.07 μkat/L. For MCV, the mean values ranged from 79.5 to 91.5 fL. Two women showed several CDT results above the upper reference limit (mean values, 27.6 and 29.4 units/L, respectively); however, their GGT and MCV values fell within the reference intervals. One of these women exhibited an increased total transferrin concentration (mean value, 5.38 g/L), which was possibly related to the use of oral contraceptives and/or a low serum iron concentration. When the CDTect value was expressed relative to total transferrin, a ratio within the reference interval was observed for this woman but not for the other woman with increased CDTect values. The present study demonstrates a considerable variation between individuals in CDT, GGT, and MCV without drinking any alcohol. The results also show that these baseline values are fairly constant over time within the same individual.

Validation of a new algorithm for the short-term variation of the fetal heart rate: an antepartum prospective study

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Kouskouti ◽  
Hella Jonas ◽  
Kerstin Regner ◽  
Pia Ruisinger ◽  
Julia Knabl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Fetal Heart Rate ◽  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Relevant Reference ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Aims: Currently one of the most widespread systems for the computerized analysis of the fetal heart rate (FHR) is the Dawes-Redman system, where the short-term variation (STV) of the FHR is measured by dividing each minute into 16 segments (STV16). Technical progress has allowed for the development of a new algorithm, which measures the STV by dividing each minute into 240 segments (STV240), thus approximating the beat-to-beat variation. The STV240 still lacks reference values. Our aim was to develop clinically relevant reference values for the STV240 and compare them to the ones for the STV16. Methods: In a single centre, observational study, a total of 228 cardiotocograms were registered and subsequently analyzed with both algorithms (STV240 and STV16). Results: The 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for both algorithms. The values of the STV240 were significantly lower in comparison to the ones of the STV16. Not only the mean values but also the 95th percentile of the STV240 lay beneath the existent cut-off value for the STV16. Conclusions: Every clinician using the new algorithm must be aware that the normal values for the STV240 lie beneath the, up until now, established cut-off values for the STV16.

scholarly journals The long-term administration of a clinoptilolite-supplemented feed to layers and its effect on performance, haematological parameters and metabolic profile

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 212-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Straková ◽  
P. Suchý ◽  
I. Herzig ◽  
V. Šerman ◽  
N. Mas
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Total Plasma Protein ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Group

120 selected layers (Bovans Goldline hybrid) aged 19 weeks with an average weight of 1 735 g were divided into two balanced groups: control group (Group C) and experimental (Group E). Layers were reared in three-tier cages with automatic watering, manual feeding, and at controlled light and temperature regimens. One cage accommodated two layers, the floor surface area was 0.1125 m<sup>2</sup> per layer. The experiment started after a 20-day adaptation period with layers aged 22 weeks (Week 22) and ended when layers were 68 weeks old (Week 68). In a period of initiation (i.e. Weeks 19–38), layers were fed the complete feeding mixture N1. Then they received the feeding mixture N2 until the end of the experiment. Feeding mixtures in both groups (C and E) had the same composition; the only difference between mixtures was that the feeding mixture in the experimental group was enriched with 1% clinoptilolite (i.e. the commercially available additive ZeoFeed). Layers received feeding mixtures and drinking water <I>ad libitum.</I> In the course of the experimental period, control layers laid 16 289 eggs while experimental layers laid 16 474 eggs. It follows from the results that the laying intensity in experimental layers was 1.7% higher as compared to control layers, i.e. the number of laid eggs in experimental layers increased by 5.6 eggs per layer. The mean weight of all laid eggs was 66.3 ± 6.25 g in the control group and 65.6 ± 5.44 g in the experimental group (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.01). Such performance was achieved at the consumption of feeding mixture being 141.7 g per laid egg in the control group and 137.6 g per laid egg in the experimental group. The consumption of feeding mixture in the experimental group was 4.1 g lower than that in the control group. The mean values of parameters monitored in blood plasma such as uric acid, cholesterol, glucose, lactose, calcium, phosphorus, ALP, and LDH in both groups of layers ranged within reference intervals, with no significant differences being detected between both groups.However, statistically significant differences between both groups were found in total plasma protein (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.01), triacylglycerol levels (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05), and magnesium (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.01), which were elevated in the control group, and in AST (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) whose level in the control group was significantly lower than that in the experimental group. The results of haematological tests performed with layers’ blood revealed statistically significant changes in parameters such as the erythrocyte count (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.01), haemoglobin level (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.01), and MCHC (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05), which were elevated in the experimental group, and in the leukocyte count (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05), which was lower in the experimental group, as compared with the control. However, the values found varied within physiological ranges.

Granulokinetics in normal dogs

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Raab ◽  
J. W. Athens ◽  
O. P. Haab ◽  
D. R. Boggs ◽  
H. Ashenbrucker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Hexadimethrine Bromide ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Blood Granulocyte ◽  
Number Of Cells

Dog granulocytes were labeled in vitro with radioactive diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP32) and then returned to the circulation of the donor. Granulocytes were separated from whole blood by utilizing hexadimethrine bromide as the sedimenting agent and saponin as a lysing agent. The labeled granulocytes disappeared from the circulation in an exponential fashion with a mean (±1 sd) half-time disappearance of 5.6 ± 0.95 hr. The size of the total blood granulocyte ( TBGP), circulating granulocyte ( CGP), and marginal granulocyte ( MGP) pools, and the granulocyte turnover rate ( GTR) were measured in 31 normal, unanesthetized dogs. The mean values ± 1 sd, expressed as number of cells x107/kg body wt., were as follows: TBGP, 102 ± 34.8; CGP, 54 ± 20.7; MGP, 48 ± 23.4; and GTR, 305 ± 111.5 cells/kg day. The values observed in anesthetized and in unanesthetized, splenectomized dogs were not significantly different from the above values.

scholarly journals Skinfold Thickness Measurement in Term Nigerian Neonates: Establishing Reference Values

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Olanike Abosede Olutekunbi ◽  
Adaobi Uzoamaka Solarin ◽  
Idowu Odunayo Senbanjo ◽  
Elizabeth Aruma Disu ◽  
Olisamedua Fidelis Njokanma
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Reference Population ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Thickness Measurement ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Thickness Measurements

Skin fold thickness (SFT) measurement is a reliable, cheap, simple, noninvasive method of body fat estimation at all ages including the neonatal period.Objective. To determine reference values of biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfold thickness measurements in term Nigerian newborns.Method. A prospective cross-sectional study over a six-month period (Dec 2010–May 2011) was carried out on term and healthy neonates delivered between 37 and 41 weeks. The anthropometric measurements were taken within the first 48 hours of life including the skinfold thickness. The skinfold thickness measurements were taken at four sites, namely, triceps, biceps, subscapular, and suprailiac, using Harpenden skinfold calipers. The mean of two readings was recorded.Result. A total of one thousand one hundred and sixty-eight neonates were studied. The birth weight ranged between 2000 g and 5000 g with a mean birth weight of the neonates at3259±470 g. The mean birth weight of the males (3339±0.45) was significantly higher than that of females (3200±0.44) (p<0.0001). Female neonates had higher mean values of triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfold thickness (p<0.001, resp.) while male neonates had higher mean value of biceps skinfold thickness (p=0.008). Females also had higher mean values of the sum of skinfold thicknesses at all four sites and the sum at the two truncal sites at every stratified gestational age.Conclusions. The sex specific percentile chart developed for skinfold thickness measurements can be used to detect deviation from the reference population such that infants who are at risk of nutritional or health problems are identified early, and intervention is instituted promptly.

scholarly journals Profiling students’ environmental care attitudes taught using Sasak Tribe local wisdom-integrated model

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hunaepi ◽  
Ika Nuraini Dewi ◽  
S. Sumarjan
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Integrated Model ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Environmental Care ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Mean

Sasak Tribe possesses unique local wisdom which is potential to be utilized in term of improving students' care attitudes toward the environment. This study aimed at profiling students' evironmental attitudes who were taught using Sasak Tribe local wisdom-integrated model. This descriptive research was designed with a one-shot case study. The sample used in this study was 140 VII graders chosen using random sampling technique. The sample comprised of 3 classes of SMPN 2 Gunung Sari and 3 classes of SMPN 3 Lingsar placed in West Nusa Tenggara-Indonesia. The data analysis technique used was descriptive statistics in term of central tendency. The measured indicators were environmental awareness (EA), developing empathy (DE), and effect handling (EH). The results showed that the students live in suburb area tended to have better environmental care attitudes, in which the mean values were 86.66 (EA), 75.69 (DE), and 42.66 (EH) compared to those who live in urban area in which the mean values were 68.73 (EA), 57.07 (DE), and 30.62 (EH). Based on this findings, further evaluation in several aspects should be done.

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