Reconstitution of Genetic Strains of Salmonids Using Biotechnical Approaches

1993 ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary H. Thorgaard ◽  
J. G. Cloud
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Strains

scholarly journals Sarcoptic mange in wild ruminants in Spain: solving the epidemiological enigma using microsatellite markers

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Moroni ◽  
Samer Angelone ◽  
Jesús M. Pérez ◽  
Anna Rita Molinar Min ◽  
Mario Pasquetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Sarcoptic Mange ◽  
Wild Ruminant ◽  
Capra Pyrenaica ◽  
Wild Ruminants ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Genetic Clusters ◽  
Genetic Strains

Abstract Background In Spain, sarcoptic mange was first described in native wildlife in 1987 in Cazorla Natural Park, causing the death of nearly 95% of the local native population of Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica). Since then, additional outbreaks have been identified in several populations of ibex and other wild ungulate species throughout the country. Although the first epizootic outbreak in wildlife was attributed to the introduction of an infected herd of domestic goats, the origin and the cause of its persistence remain unclear. The main aims of this study are to understand (i) the number of Sarcoptes scabiei “strains” circulating in wild ruminant populations in Spain, and (ii) the molecular epidemiological relationships between S. scabiei and its hosts. Methods Ten Sarcoptes microsatellite markers were used to characterize the genetic structure of 266 mites obtained from skin scrapings of 121 mangy wild ruminants between 2011 and 2019 from 11 areas in Spain. Results Seventy-three different alleles and 37 private alleles were detected. The results of this study show the existence of three genetic strains of S. scabiei in the wild ruminant populations investigated. While two genetic clusters of S. scabiei were host- and geography-related, one cluster included multi-host mites deriving from geographically distant populations. Conclusions The molecular epidemiological study of S. scabiei in wild ruminants in Spain indicates that the spreading and persistence of the parasite may be conditioned by host species community composition and the permissiveness of each host population/community to the circulation of individual “strains,” among other factors. Wildlife–livestock interactions and the role of human-driven introduction or trade of wild and domestic animals should be better investigated to prevent further spread of sarcoptic mange in as yet unaffected natural areas of the Iberian Peninsula.

scholarly journals Impact of Woody Breast Severity on the Sensory Properties and Acceptability of Chicken Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Von Staden ◽  
M. D. Byron ◽  
T. R. Jarvis ◽  
X. Zhang ◽  
C. A. Crist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Sensory Attributes ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Consumer Acceptability ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Genetic Strain ◽  
Genetic Strains ◽  
The Impact

ObjectivesThe woody breast (WB) myopathy has caused economic losses in excess of $200 million annually to the poultry industry due to undesirable textural attributes and decreased functionality. This hardened muscle is also associated with other undesirable traits, such as white striping. This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of WB severity and genetic strain on consumer acceptability and sensory attributes of baked and fried broiler breast meat and elucidate the consumer acceptability of tumble-marinated, fajita meat made from broilers with normal (NOR), moderate (MOD) and severe (SEV) WB meat.Materials and MethodsFor descriptive analysis (n = 7 panelists, 10 panels) on baked and fried chicken, 3 × 5 factorial arrangements within randomized complete block designs with four replications were utilized to evaluate three severities of woody breast and the five different genetic strains that are most commonly used in the poultry industry. When significant differences (P < 0.05) occurred among treatments, Duncan’s multiple range test was utilized to separate treatment means. For consumer acceptability of baked chicken (n = 123 panelists), fried chicken (n = 125 panelists), and fajita meat (n = 127 panelists), randomized complete block designs with two replications were used to determine the impact of strain and severity on acceptability.ResultsFor baked chicken, SEV breasts were chewier, juicier, crunchier, and more cohesive (P < 0.05) than NOR and MOD breast samples. For fried chicken, SEV breasts were less tender and chewier (P < 0.05) than NOR breasts. In addition, SEV breasts were more cohesive and juicier, but less mushy (P < 0.05) than NOR and MOD breasts. For fried chicken samples, SEV breasts were crunchier (P < 0.05) than MOD breasts, which were crunchier (P < 0.05) than NOR breasts. The texture and overall acceptability of NOR baked breasts and fajita meat were preferred by consumers (P < 0.05) over SEV breasts. In contrast, the SEV breasts were preferred (P < 0.05) over the NOR breast meat for the fried chicken formulation. No differences existed (P > 0.05) in acceptability among genetic strains in baked or fried chicken breasts. The baked chicken consumer panelists were divided into 7 distinct clusters based on their sensory evaluation ratings. Cluster analysis indicated that 49% of panelists preferred NOR breast fillets, 21% preferred SEV, and 30% had no preference between NOR and WB (MOD, SEV) samples. The fried chicken consumer panelists were divided into 5 clusters, of which 65% preferred WB (MOD, SEV) over NOR, 29% preferred strain B over strain A, and 11% preferred strain A over strain B. The fajita chicken meat consumer panelists were divided into 5 clusters, of which 75% of panelists liked NOR breast samples, 72% liked MOD samples, and 45% liked SEV samples.ConclusionResults indicated that WB severity had a greater impact on sensory attributes and consumer acceptability than genetic strain. Higher WB severity created an undesirable texture that negatively impacted the acceptability of baked meat. However, the increased crunchiness and cohesiveness due to woodiness had a positive impact on the fried chicken acceptability. Results indicated that a large percentage of consumers rated baked, fried, and fajita samples as acceptable regardless of whether NOR or WB (MOD, SEV) meat was used, but some consumers did not like baked or fajita meat that was made from SEV WB meat.

scholarly journals Reestablishing a stepping-stone population of the threatened elkhorn coral Acropora palmata to aid regional recovery

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 461-473
Author(s):  
IB Kuffner ◽  
A Stathakopoulos ◽  
LT Toth ◽  
LA Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Florida Keys ◽  
Gauge Potential ◽  
Acropora Palmata ◽  
Assisted Migration ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Genetic Strains ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Migration Experiment

Recovery of the elkhorn coral Acropora palmata is critical to reversing coral reef ecosystem collapse in the western Atlantic, but the species is severely threatened. To gauge potential for the species’ restoration in Florida, USA, we conducted an assisted migration experiment where 50 coral fragments of 5 nursery-raised genetic strains (genets) from the upper Florida Keys were moved to 5 sites across 350 km of the offshore reef. Additionally, 4 fragments from the 1 remaining colony of A. palmata in Dry Tortugas National Park (DRTO) were added to the 2 DRTO experimental sites to test for local adaptation. To measure coral performance, we tracked coral survival, calcification, growth, and condition from May 2018 to October 2019. All 24 corals relocated to the DRTO sites survived and calcified ~85% faster than the fewer surviving corals transplanted to the 2 upper Keys sites. While coral survival across the entire experiment did not depend on genet, there was a weak but statistically significant genetic effect on calcification rate among the corals relocated to DRTO. The DRTO native genet was among the fastest growing genets, but it was not the fastest, suggesting a lack of local adaptation at this scale. Our results indicate that DRTO, a remote reef system inhabited by the species during the Holocene and located at the nexus of major ocean currents, may be a prime location for reestablishing A. palmata. Assisted migration of A. palmata to DRTO could restore a sexually reproducing population in <10 yr, thereby promoting the species’ regional recovery.

scholarly journals Genetic and transgenic reagents for Drosophila simulans, D. mauritiana, D. yakuba, D. santomea and D. virilis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Stern ◽  
Justin Crocker ◽  
Yun Ding ◽  
Nicolas Frankel ◽  
Gretchen Kappes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Integration Site ◽  
Yellow Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Site Specific Integration ◽  
Genetic Strains ◽  
Fluorescent Molecules ◽  
Integration Efficiency

AbstractSpecies of the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup, including the species D. simulans, D. mauritiana, D. yakuba, and D. santomea, have long served as model systems for studying evolution. Studies in these species have been limited, however, by a paucity of genetic and transgenic reagents. Here we describe a collection of transgenic and genetic strains generated to facilitate genetic studies within and between these species. We have generated many strains of each species containing mapped piggyBac transposons including an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein gene expressed in the eyes and a phiC31 attP site-specific integration site. We have tested a subset of these lines for integration efficiency and reporter gene expression levels. We have also generated a smaller collection of other lines expressing other genetically encoded fluorescent molecules in the eyes and a number of other transgenic reagents that will be useful for functional studies in these species. In addition, we have mapped the insertion locations of 58 transposable elements in D. virilis that will be useful for genetic mapping studies.

Analysis of behavior using genetical genomics in mice as a model: from alcohol preferences to gene expression differences

Genome ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 877-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiva M. Singh ◽  
Julie Treadwell ◽  
Morgan L. Kleiber ◽  
Michelle Harrison ◽  
Raihan K. Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Behavioral Phenotypes ◽  
Neurotransmitter Transport ◽  
Genetic Strains ◽  
Different Strains

Most familial behavioral phenotypes result from the complex interaction of multiple genes. Studies of such phenotypes involving human subjects are often inconclusive owing to complexity of causation and experimental limitations. Studies of animal models argue for the use of established genetic strains as a powerful tool for genetic dissection of behavioral disorders and have led to the identification of rare genes and genetic mechanisms implicated in such phenotypes. We have used microarrays to study global gene expression in adult brains of four genetic strains of mice (C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, A/J, and BALB/c). Our results demonstrate that different strains show expression differences for a number of genes in the brain, and that closely related strains have similar patterns of gene expression as compared with distantly related strains. In addition, among the 24 000 genes and ESTs on the microarray, 77 showed at least a 1.5-fold increase in the brains of C57BL/6J mice as compared with those of DBA/2J mice. These genes fall into such functional categories as gene regulation, metabolism, cell signaling, neurotransmitter transport, and DNA/RNA binding. The importance of these findings as a novel genetic resource and their use and application in the genetic analysis of complex behavioral phenotypes, susceptibilities, and responses to drugs and chemicals are discussed.

Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Walls in Diets for Two Genetic Strains of Laying Hens Reared in Floor and Cages

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
BenjamIn Fuente Mar ◽  
Alexis Arias Cont ◽  
Ernesto Avila Gonz
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Genetic Strains
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