The CAR Model: Calculation of Air Pollution from Road Traffic, A Calculation Method for the Determination of Air Quality in City Streets in the Netherlands

Abstract. Fatima A, Messaoud R, Takia L. 2019. Relationship between lichen diversity and air quality in urban region in Bourdj Bou Arriridj, Algeria. Biodiversitas 20: 2329-2339. The lichenic biodiversity can be an excellent instrument for measuring air quality biomonitoring in urban and industrial areas. Two bio-monitoring techniques were used to assess and map the levels of air quality in Bordj Bou Arreridj region (BBA), an urban area located in Eastern Algeria, and to identify species sensitive to air pollution. The first one was based on the diversity and abundance of epiphytic lichens, while the other technique was using two bio-indication indices. Epiphytic lichens were sampled from thirty-four stations chosen on the basis of the presence of suitable phorophytes on which it is possible to observe lichens. The assessment of lichen biodiversity was based on the calculation of lichenic abundance indices (LA) and the Shannon index (H'). For the determination of the different levels of air pollution, the indices of atmospheric purity (IAP) and lichen diversity (LDV) were used. There were 62 identified species belong to 19 families and 31 genera of lichens, among which crustacean and foliose thalli were the most common in the region. Lichen biodiversity decreased as the sampled location approaching industrial sources and road traffic. The IAP ranged from 16.19-79.82 and LDV values ranged from 12.50-52.16. The results showed a significant relationship between lichen diversity and air quality, and indicated low atmospheric pollution in the BBA region. This study allowed us to draw up a list of sensitive species and tolerant species to air pollution.

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Bark pH and susceptibility to toxic air pollutants as independent causes of changes in epiphytic lichen composition in space and time

The Lichenologist ◽

10.1006/lich.2001.0337 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 419-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

C. M. van Herk

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Species Diversity ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Quercus Robur ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Epiphytic Lichen ◽

Independent Effects ◽

Low Sensitivity

AbstractThe lichen composition on wayside Quercus robur in the Netherlands was related tobark properties (pH, EC, NH4+, SO42-, NO3-)and levels of air pollution (SO2 and NH3). The pH of the bark and the susceptibility to toxic substances appear to be the two major primary factorsaffecting epiphytic lichen composition. These factors have independent effects on the lichen composition.Most of the so-called nitrophytic species appear to have a low sensitivity to toxiceffects of SO2; their only requirement being a high bark pH. An increased bark pH appears to be the primary cause of the enormous increase in nitrophytic species and the disappearance of acidophytic species over the last decade in the Netherlands. Measurements of ambient NH3 concentrations in air show that there is a nearly linear relationship between the NH3concentration andthe abundance of nitrophytes on Quercus. The abundance of nitrophytes was not correlated with SO2 concentrations. Most of the acidophytic species appear very sensitive to NH3 since in areas with concentrations of 35 µg m-3 or more, all acidophytic species have disappeared. Current methods using species diversity to estimate or monitor SO2 air pollution need some modification, otherwise the air quality may be erroneously considered to be relatively good in areas with high NH3 levels.

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Impact of Vehicle Fleet Modernization on the Traffic-Originated Air Pollution in an Urban Area—A Case Study

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12121581 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1581

Author(s):

Piotr Holnicki ◽

Zbigniew Nahorski ◽

Andrzej Kałuszko

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Substantial Contribution ◽

Population Exposure ◽

Passenger Cars ◽

Emission Mitigation ◽

Emission Standards ◽

Vehicle Fleet ◽

Co Concentrations

The main subject of this paper is an analysis of the influence of changes in the air pollution caused by road traffic, due to its modernization, on the air quality in Warsaw conurbation, Poland. Using the Calpuff model, simulations of the yearly averaged concentrations of NOx, CO, PM10, and PM2.5 were performed, together with an assessment of the population exposure to individual pollutions. Source apportionment analysis indicates that traffic is the main source of NOx and CO concentrations in the city atmosphere. Utilizing the Euro norms emission standards, a scenario of vehicle emission abatement is formulated based on the assumed general vehicle fleet modernization and transition to Euro 6 emission standards. Computer simulations show a reduction in NOx concentrations attributed to emission mitigation of passenger cars, trucks and vans, and public transport buses, respectively. On the other hand, improving air quality in terms of CO concentrations depends almost exclusively on gasoline vehicle modernization. The implementation of the considered scenario causes an adequate reduction in the population exposure and related health effects. In particular, implementation of the scenario discussed results in a 47% reduction (compared with the baseline value) in the attributable yearly deaths related to NOx pollution. In spite of a substantial contribution of vehicle traffic to the overall PM pollution, modernization of the fuel combustion causes only minor final effects because the dominant share of PM pollution in Warsaw originates from the municipal sector and the transboundary inflow.

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Air Quality over China

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13173542 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (17) ◽

pp. 3542

Author(s):

Gerrit de Leeuw ◽

Ronald van der A ◽

Jianhui Bai ◽

Yong Xue ◽

Costas Varotsos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Trace Gases ◽

Satellite Observations ◽

Air Pollution Control ◽

Trace Gas Emissions ◽

Temporal And Spatial Variability ◽

Quality Modeling ◽

Underlying Processes

The strong economic growth in China in recent decades, together with meteorological factors, has resulted in serious air pollution problems, in particular over large industrialized areas with high population density. To reduce the concentrations of pollutants, air pollution control policies have been successfully implemented, resulting in the gradual decrease of air pollution in China during the last decade, as evidenced from both satellite and ground-based measurements. The aims of the Dragon 4 project “Air quality over China” were the determination of trends in the concentrations of aerosols and trace gases, quantification of emissions using a top-down approach and gain a better understanding of the sources, transport and underlying processes contributing to air pollution. This was achieved through (a) satellite observations of trace gases and aerosols to study the temporal and spatial variability of air pollutants; (b) derivation of trace gas emissions from satellite observations to study sources of air pollution and improve air quality modeling; and (c) study effects of haze on air quality. In these studies, the satellite observations are complemented with ground-based observations and modeling.

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Do Rail Transits Improve Local Air Quality? Take Chengdu-Nanchang for Example

10.21203/rs.3.rs-320209/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xueyuan Wang ◽

Yuping Wang ◽

Zhijian Zhang ◽

Jingwei Li

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Air Quality ◽

Traffic Congestion ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Urban Air Pollution ◽

Point Estimate ◽

Urban Air ◽

Rail Transit ◽

Transit System

Abstract Many cities in China have invested the city’s rail transit system to reduce urban air pollution and traffic congestion. Earlier studies rarely compare the effects of rail transit on urban air quality in different cities, providing little guidance to urban planners in solving traffic congestion and air quality. By using the rail transit lines in Chengdu and Nanchang as case studies, this paper attempts to examine the effect of rail transit on air pollution. Data were collected from 18 monitoring stations distributed along the chosen rail transit lines in both cities during the period 2014 to 2016 and analyzed using the regression discontinuity design to address the potential endogenous location of subway stations. The results show that subway opening in Nanchang has a better reductions from automobile exhaust than that in Chengdu, specifically, carbon monoxide pollution, one key tailpipe pollutant, experienced a 10.23% greater reduction after Nanchang Metro Line 1 opened. On the contrary, the point estimate for carbon monoxide in Chengdu is 22.42% and statistically significant at the 1% level. Nanchang Metro Line 1 does play an important role in road traffic externalities, but the benefit was not huge enough to change the overall air quality. On the contrary, the opening of the Chengdu Metro Line 4 is unlikely to yield improvements in air quality.

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Air Quality Measurement using Computer Vision and CCTV Footage of Road Traffic

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.f9454.038620 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 4177-4181

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Quality Measurement ◽

Indian Government ◽

Vehicular Pollution ◽

Pollution Levels ◽

Robust Model ◽

Video Feed ◽

Monitoring Stations

Air Quality is at a steady state of decline throughout the world. While the Indian government, in particular, has been deploying monitoring stations across multiple cities to not only monitor but also establish a cause and effect relationship when it comes to air pollution, these monitoring stations clearly, don’t suffice the actual demands for building a robust model for Air Quality Index. Our goal here is to reduce costs in terms of hardware deployment while, at the same time, provide a higher number of data points of collection on pre-existing infrastructure. The project aims at calculating the air pollution factors at the suburban level using Vehicular Emissions. The idea is to identify the number and type of vehicles from a video feed and then estimate the vehicular pollution levels using the data collected.

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An assessment of ambient air quality in two major cities in the state of Kuwait

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v4i2.4550 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 358 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Raslan Alenezi ◽

Bader Al-anezi

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Power Plant ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Ambient Air ◽

The State ◽

Oil Fields ◽

Ambient Air Quality ◽

The State Of Kuwait

In this study, hourly mean continuous air pollution data for the year 2010 from two monitoring stations in major urban districts in the State of Kuwait were analyzed. The ambient air quality in the Al-Mansouriah and Al-Jahra districts was evaluated in terms of the hourly average concentrations of selected major air pollutants during the winter and summer seasons. The diurnal variations of these pollutants were analyzed, and in-depth comparisons of the two pollutant concentrations for the two districts were conducted to determine the predominant sources of the air pollutants. The concentrations of CO, PM10 and NO2 in the two districts exhibited different patterns in the summer and winter due to differences in the activities that take place in the surrounding areas. The concentrations of SO2 were high in both cities because of the Al-Doha power plant and oil fields near the city in Al-Jahra. The ozone concentration is highly correlated with NOx emissions and is greater in the summer than in the winter. The results confirm that road traffic is a major source of air pollution in the Al-Mansouriah district. The Al-Doha power plant and the oil fields near Al-Jahra greatly affect the air quality in that district.

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Mapping Carbon Monoxide Pollution of Residential Areas in a Polish City

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12182885 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (18) ◽

pp. 2885

Author(s):

Janusz Kwiecień ◽

Kinga Szopińska

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Air Pollution ◽

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Air Quality ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Detailed Calculation ◽

Individual Housing ◽

The City ◽

Housing Estates

Road traffic is among the main sources of atmospheric pollution in cities. Maps of pollutants are based on geostatistical models using a digital model of the city along with traffic parameters allowing for ongoing analyses and prediction of the condition of the environment. The aim of the work was to determine the size of areas at risk of carbon monoxide pollution derived from road traffic along with determining the number of inhabitants exposed to excessive CO levels using geostatistical modeling on the example of the city of Bydgoszcz, a city in the northern part of Poland. The COPERT STREET LEVEL program was used to calculate CO emissions. Next, based on geostatistical modelling, a prediction map of CO pollution (kg/year) was generated, along with determining the level of CO concentration (mg/m3/year). The studies accounted for the variability of road sources as well as the spatial structure of the terrain. The results are presented for the city as well as divided into individual housing estates. The level of total carbon monoxide concentration for the city was 5.18 mg/m3/year, indicating good air quality. Detailed calculation analyses showed that the level of air pollution with CO varies in the individual housing estates, ranging from 0.08 to 35.70 mg/m3/year. Out of the 51 studied residential estates, the limit value was exceeded in 10, with 45% of the population at risk of poor air quality. The obtained results indicate that only detailed monitoring of the level of pollution can provide us with reliable information on air quality. The results also show in what way geostatistical tools can be used to map the spatial variability of air pollution in a city. The obtained spatial details can be used to improve estimated concentration based on interpolation between direct observation and prediction models.

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Trends in primary NO2 and exhaust PM emissions from road traffic for the period 2000–2020 and implications for air quality and health in the Netherlands

Atmospheric Environment ◽

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.009 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 313-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M.P. Keuken ◽

M.G.M. Roemer ◽

P. Zandveld ◽

R.P. Verbeek ◽

G.J.M. Velders

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Road Traffic

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STUDY ON AIR QUALITY AT SEVERAL RURAL AREAS SELECTED IN JOHOR

Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management ◽

10.35631/jthem.417002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (17) ◽

pp. 11-27

Author(s):

Haryati Shafii ◽

Nursyikin Miskam ◽

Azlina Md Yassin ◽

Tawee Seow ◽

Sharifah Meryam Shareh Musa

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rapid Development ◽

The State ◽

Direct Reading ◽

Air Samples ◽

Gas Concentration ◽

Recorded Data

The rapid development that spills over into rural areas has resulted in rural areas in the State of Johor is no exception showed deterioration of air quality as a result of development. The study area was in Kampung Paya Pulai, Segamat; Parit Raja, Batu Pahat; Kampung Sri Bahagia, Mersing and Kampung Pok and Johor Bahru. Air quality sampling for this study is for gas pollutant SO2, NO2, CO, O3 and PM10 which requires sampling for one hour. Gases such as SO2, NO2 and CO2 content gas concentration values are seen in air through air quality sampling tool YESAIR Model #6000. While sampling the Ozone O3 through the tool Detector. These two tools are portable and direct reading of values obtained after the observations made on-site sampling study area. While PM10, the air samples are collected using the tool per sample air G2142 Model E-Sampler. Recorded Data will be transferred to the computer using Terminal Utility Software (TUS) to analyzed. Air observation was carried out three times a day, in the morning, noon and night. Air quality sampling performed on two different days which are business days in Johor (Monday-Friday) and not working (Saturday & Sunday). While for pollutants PM10 is determined within the last 24 hours. Determination of air quality based on the Standards referenced/air quality environment in Malaysia, issued by the Department of Environment (DOE). The results showed pollution occurs in all rural areas in the State of Johor. Gas SO2 and NO.2 show the highest reading was in Parit Raja with each recitation of SO2 am 0.011 0.024 noon and night, 0.008 ppm, while NO.2 at reading in the morning, noon and 0.009 0.011-night 0.005 ppm. The main gas contributing to air pollution is PM10, CO, and O3 in all areas of the study. API on average less than 50 reading still categorized as ' healthy '. Only one station that recorded the value of the ' medium ' in Kampung Paya Pulai, Segamat contributed by the concentration of PM10. It is hoped that this study will serve as a guide to community and stakeholders in the development of rural areas and the need to maintain the air quality in rural areas.

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