Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Information Storage in the Long-Term Memory

1971 ◽  
pp. 343-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ladik ◽  
P. Greguss
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals CREB overexpression in dorsal CA1 ameliorates long-term memory deficits in aged rats

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Wen Yu ◽  
Daniel M Curlik ◽  
M Matthew Oh ◽  
Jerry CP Yin ◽  
John F Disterhoft
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Camp Response Element Binding ◽  
Intrinsic Excitability ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Related

The molecular mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive deficits are not yet fully elucidated. In aged animals, a decrease in the intrinsic excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons is believed to contribute to age-related cognitive impairments. Increasing activity of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in young adult rodents facilitates cognition, and increases intrinsic excitability. However, it has yet to be tested if increasing CREB expression also ameliorates age-related behavioral and biophysical deficits. To test this hypothesis, we virally overexpressed CREB in CA1 of dorsal hippocampus. Rats received CREB or control virus, before undergoing water maze training. CREB overexpression in aged animals ameliorated the long-term memory deficits observed in control animals. Concurrently, cells overexpressing CREB in aged animals had reduced post-burst afterhyperpolarizations, indicative of increased intrinsic excitability. These results identify CREB modulation as a potential therapy to treat age-related cognitive decline.

scholarly journals Preferred hexoses influence long-term memory and induction of lactose catabolism byStreptococcus mutans

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zeng ◽  
Robert A. Burne
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Prior Exposure ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Free Glucose ◽  
Lactose Utilization

ABSTRACTBacteria prioritize sugar metabolism via carbohydrate catabolite repression, which regulates global gene expression to optimize the catabolism of preferred substrates. Here, we report an unusual long-term memory effect in certainStreptococcus mutansstrains that alters adaptation to growth on lactose after prior exposure to glucose or fructose. In strain GS-5, cells that were first cultured on fructose then transferred to lactose displayed an exceptionally long lag (>11 h) and slower growth, compared to cells first cultured on glucose or cellobiose, which displayed a reduction in lag phase by as much as 10 h. Mutants lacking the cellobiose-PTS or phospho-β-glucosidase lost the accelerated growth on lactose associated with prior culturing on glucose. The memory effects of glucose or fructose on lactose catabolism were not as profound in strain UA159, but the lag phase was considerably shorter in mutants lacking the glucose-PTS EIIMan. Interestingly, whenS.mutanswas cultivated on lactose, significant quantities of free glucose accumulated in the medium, with higher levels found in the cultures of strains lacking EIIMan, glucokinase, or both. Free glucose was also detected in cultures that were utilizing cellobiose or trehalose, albeit at lower levels. Such release of hexoses byS.mutansis likely of biological significance as it was found that cells required small amounts of glucose or other preferred carbohydrates to initiate efficient growth on lactose. These findings suggest thatS.mutansmodulates the induction of lactose utilization based on its prior exposure to glucose or fructose, which can be liberated from common disaccharides.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding the molecular mechanisms employed by oral bacteria to control sugar metabolism is key to developing novel therapies for management of dental caries and other oral diseases. Lactose is a naturally occurring disaccharide that is abundant in dairy products and commonly ingested by humans. However, for the dental caries pathogenStreptococcus mutans, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate expression of genes required for lactose uptake and catabolism. Two peculiarities of lactose utilization byS.mutansare explored here: a)S.mutansexcretes glucose that it cleaves from lactose and b) prior exposure to certain carbohydrates can result in a long-term inability to use lactose. The study begins to shed light on howS.mutansmay bet-hedge to optimize its persistence and virulence in the human oral cavity.

scholarly journals Integrated Overview of the Memory System

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 3328-3338
Author(s):  
Ishanee Das Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Potentiation

This review aims to clarify and classify memory from psychological and neuroscientific point of view, delving into the molecular mechanisms taking place as well. The main forms of memory are sensory memory, short term memory and long-term memory. We also try to specify the flow of information through various memory models. The concept of synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation is highlighted, with special focus on the physiological parts of the brain that are involved in memory storage. Overall, this study will help expand our knowledge on the intrinsic details of memory storage and the functioning of our brain.

scholarly journals Serotonin Signals Modulate Mushroom Body Output Neurons for Sustaining Water-Reward Long-Term Memory in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang-Pao Lee ◽  
Meng-Hsuan Chiang ◽  
Li-Yun Chang ◽  
Wei-Huan Shyu ◽  
Tai-Hsiang Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Water Reward ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Output Neurons

Memory consolidation is a time-dependent process through which an unstable learned experience is transformed into a stable long-term memory; however, the circuit and molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. The Drosophila mushroom body (MB) is a huge brain neuropil that plays a crucial role in olfactory memory. The MB neurons can be generally classified into three subsets: γ, αβ, and α′β′. Here, we report that water-reward long-term memory (wLTM) consolidation requires activity from α′β′-related mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) in a specific time window. wLTM consolidation requires neurotransmission in MBON-γ3β′1 during the 0–2 h period after training, and neurotransmission in MBON-α′2 is required during the 2–4 h period after training. Moreover, neurotransmission in MBON-α′1α′3 is required during the 0–4 h period after training. Intriguingly, blocking neurotransmission during consolidation or inhibiting serotonin biosynthesis in serotoninergic dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons also disrupted the wLTM, suggesting that wLTM consolidation requires serotonin signals from DPM neurons. The GFP Reconstitution Across Synaptic Partners (GRASP) data showed the connectivity between DPM neurons and MBON-γ3β′1, MBON-α′2, and MBON-α′1α′3, and RNAi-mediated silencing of serotonin receptors in MBON-γ3β′1, MBON-α′2, or MBON-α′1α′3 disrupted wLTM. Taken together, our results suggest that serotonin released from DPM neurons modulates neuronal activity in MBON-γ3β′1, MBON-α′2, and MBON-α′1α′3 at specific time windows, which is critical for the consolidation of wLTM in Drosophila.

MOLECULAR MECHANISMS FOR LONG-TERM MEMORY IN APLYSIA

1989 ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
David Sweatt ◽  
Tim Kennedy ◽  
Ari Barzilai ◽  
David Glanzman ◽  
Eric R. Kandel
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory

Genes to remember

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (21) ◽  
pp. 2887-2891
Author(s):  
C.M. Alberini
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Camp Response Element Binding ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Camp Response Element ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Complex Forms

It has been known for several decades that the formation of long-term memory requires gene expression. In recent years, the use of genetic and molecular approaches has led to the identification and characterization of genes and molecules that play a fundamental role in the biological mechanisms underlying learning and memory. From these studies, it appears that molecules and molecular mechanisms essential for the process of memory have been conserved throughout evolution. The cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent activation pathway and a cAMP-dependent cascade of gene expression have been shown to be essential for memory formation in Aplysia californica, Drosophila melanogaster and rodents. Moreover, members of the transcription factor family cAMP response element binding proteins (CREBs) seem to represent key molecules for transforming incoming information into long-term memory. Here, we review the studies showing that conserved molecules and biological mechanisms are engaged in simple and complex forms of memory.

Genetic Approaches to the Study of Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Storage

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 597-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Abel ◽  
Michael P. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Protein Signaling ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Element Binding Protein

ABSTRACTLong-term memory is believed to depend on long-lasting changes in the strength of synaptic transmission known as synaptic plasticity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of long-term synaptic plasticity is one of the principle goals of neuroscience. Among the most powerful tools being brought to bear on this question are genetically modified mice with changes in the expression or biological activity of genes thought to contribute to these processes. This article reviews how strains of mice with alterations in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A/cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element-binding protein signaling pathway have advanced our understanding of the biological basis of learning and memory.

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