The Role of cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in the Release of Pituitary Hormones

1979 ◽  
pp. 349-355
Author(s):  
K. Kochman
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Dependent Protein

scholarly journals Ca2+ Microdomains, Calcineurin and the Regulation of Gene Transcription

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 875
Author(s):  
Gerald Thiel ◽  
Tobias Schmidt ◽  
Oliver G. Rössler
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Major Function ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Dependent Protein

Ca2+ ions function as second messengers regulating many intracellular events, including neurotransmitter release, exocytosis, muscle contraction, metabolism and gene transcription. Cells of a multicellular organism express a variety of cell-surface receptors and channels that trigger an increase of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration upon stimulation. The elevated Ca2+ concentration is not uniformly distributed within the cytoplasm but is organized in subcellular microdomains with high and low concentrations of Ca2+ at different locations in the cell. Ca2+ ions are stored and released by intracellular organelles that change the concentration and distribution of Ca2+ ions. A major function of the rise in intracellular Ca2+ is the change of the genetic expression pattern of the cell via the activation of Ca2+-responsive transcription factors. It has been proposed that Ca2+-responsive transcription factors are differently affected by a rise in cytoplasmic versus nuclear Ca2+. Moreover, it has been suggested that the mode of entry determines whether an influx of Ca2+ leads to the stimulation of gene transcription. A rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ induces an intracellular signaling cascade, involving the activation of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin and various protein kinases (protein kinase C, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases). In this review article, we discuss the concept of gene regulation via elevated Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, the role of Ca2+ entry and the role of enzymes as signal transducers. We give particular emphasis to the regulation of gene transcription by calcineurin, linking protein dephosphorylation with Ca2+ signaling and gene expression.

scholarly journals Resveratrol’s Impact on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Hyporeactivity: The Role of Rho-Kinase Inhibition

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Michał Wiciński ◽  
Bartosz Malinowski ◽  
Paweł Rajewski ◽  
Paweł Szychta ◽  
Eryk Wódkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Rho Kinase ◽  
Pressure Effects ◽  
Kinase Inhibition ◽  
Rho Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Dependent Protein

Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) is a chemical compound belonging to the group of polyphenols and flavonoids. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of resveratrol application along with certain modulating factors, such as 8Br-cGMP-activator of cGMP-dependent protein kinases, HA-1077-Rho-kinase inhibitor, and Bay K8644-calcium channel agonist, on VMSCs constriction triggered by phenylephrine. Resveratrol at a dose of 10 mg/kg/24 h administered for 4 weeks reduced the reactivity of the arteries to the pressure action of catecholamines. Tests performed after four weeks of resveratrol administration showed that 8Br-cGMP at the concentrations of 0.01 mM/l and 0.1 mM/l intensifies this effect. Simultaneous resveratrol and Bay K8644 administration led to a significant decrease in contractility compared to the vessels collected from animals (Res−). This effect was dependent on the concentration of Bay K8644. Resveratrol seems to be counteractive against Bay K8644 by blocking L-type calcium channels. As the concentration of HA-1077 increased, there was a marked hyporeactivity of the vessels to the pressure effects of phenylephrine. The results indicate synergy between resveratrol and Rho-kinase inhibition.

scholarly journals Mutation of a kinase allosteric node uncouples dynamics linked to phosphotransfer

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. E931-E940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalima G. Ahuja ◽  
Alexandr P. Kornev ◽  
Christopher L. McClendon ◽  
Gianluigi Veglia ◽  
Susan S. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Kinase Domain ◽  
Catalytic Function ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Biochemical Measurements

The expertise of protein kinases lies in their dynamic structure, wherein they are able to modulate cellular signaling by their phosphotransferase activity. Only a few hundreds of protein kinases regulate key processes in human cells, and protein kinases play a pivotal role in health and disease. The present study dwells on understanding the working of the protein kinase-molecular switch as an allosteric network of “communities” composed of congruently dynamic residues that make up the protein kinase core. Girvan–Newman algorithm-based community maps of the kinase domain of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A allow for a molecular explanation for the role of protein conformational entropy in its catalytic cycle. The community map of a mutant, Y204A, is analyzed vis-à-vis the wild-type protein to study the perturbations in its dynamic profile such that it interferes with transfer of the γ-phosphate to a protein substrate. Conventional biochemical measurements are used to ascertain the effect of these dynamic perturbations on the kinetic profiles of both proteins. These studies pave the way for understanding how mutations far from the kinase active site can alter its dynamic properties and catalytic function even when major structural perturbations are not obvious from static crystal structures.

scholarly journals Role of cGMP-dependent protein kinases for fear memory formation in the lateral amygdala

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S21
Author(s):  
Cindy Paul ◽  
Florian Schöberl ◽  
Pascal Weinmeister ◽  
Vincenzo Micale ◽  
Carsten Wotjak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinases ◽  
Fear Memory ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Lateral Amygdala ◽  
Dependent Protein
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