Long-Term Ex Situ Conservation of Biological Resources and the Role of Biological Resource Centers

In this paper, we review gene bank operations that have an influence on the global conservation system, with the intention to identify critical aspects that should be improved for optimum performance. We describe the role of active and base collections and the importance of linking germplasm conservation and use, also in view of new developments in genomics and phenomics that facilitate more effective and efficient conservation and use of plant agrobiodiversity. Strengths, limitations, and opportunities of the existing global ex situ conservation system are discussed, and measures are proposed to achieve a rational, more effective, and efficient global system for germplasm conservation and sustainable use. The proposed measures include filling genetic and geographic gaps in current ex situ collections; determining unique accessions at the global level for long-term conservation in virtual base collections; intensifying existing international collaborations among gene banks and forging collaborations with the botanic gardens community; increasing investment in conservation research and user-oriented supportive research; improved accession-level description of the genetic diversity of crop collections; improvements of the legal and policy framework; and oversight of the proposed network of global base collections.

Download Full-text

The Nagoya Protocol and the Role of Research Resource Centers as Ex-situ Conservation Institutes

Journal of Environmental Policy and Administration ◽

10.15301/jepa.2018.26.2.47 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 47-69

Author(s):

Hyeyeon Im ◽

Minkyung Jung ◽

Kyungsook Ahn ◽

Ki Hyun Ryu

Keyword(s):

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Nagoya Protocol

Download Full-text

Propagation of Threatened Nepenthes khasiana: Methods and Precautions

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb739639 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 313-315

Author(s):

Jibankumar S. KHURAIJAM ◽

Rup K. ROY

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Threatened Species ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Ex Situ ◽

In The Wild ◽

Propagation Technique ◽

Subsequent Propagation ◽

Nepenthes Khasiana

Ex-situ conservation is an important key in the management of rare, endangered and threatened (RET) plant species and its effectiveness depends on several factors. Maintenance of viable germplasm and its subsequent propagation plays an important role in long term conservation of many RET species. Nepenthes khasiana is a rare and gravely threatened species in the wild due to over-collection and other threats. The species needs urgent in-situ and ex-situ conservation. Development of easy to propagate techniques would pave faster multiplication for its use of educational, medicinal and horticultural purpose. In the present paper, successful propagation technique of Nepenthes khasiana through seeds is demonstrated along with detailed information on precautions to be taken during the adoption of the techniques.

Download Full-text

Mitigating Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Europe

Amphibia-Reptilia ◽

10.1163/15685381-20191157 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 265-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Valarie Thomas ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Pascale Van Rooij ◽

Elin Verbrugghe ◽

Vojtech Baláž ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Chytrid Fungus ◽

Population Declines ◽

Batrachochytrium Salamandrivorans ◽

Mitigation Methods

Abstract The infectious chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) has been responsible for severe population declines of salamander populations in Europe. Serious population declines and loss of urodelan diversity may occur if appropriate action is not taken to mitigate against the further spread and impact of Bsal. We provide an overview of several potential mitigation methods, and describe their possible advantages and limitations. We conclude that long-term, context-dependent, multi-faceted approaches are needed to successfully mitigate adverse effects of Bsal, and that these approaches should be initiated pre-arrival of the pathogen. The establishment of ex situ assurance colonies, or management units, for species threatened with extinction, should be considered as soon as possible. While ex situ conservation and preventive measures aimed at improving biosecurity by limiting amphibian trade may be implemented quickly, major challenges that lie ahead are in designing in situ disease containment and mitigation post-arrival and in increasing public awareness.

Download Full-text

Edible Biological Resource Use in an Agricultural Heritage System and Its Driving Forces: A Case of the Shuangjiang Mengku Ancient Tea and Culture System

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12187791 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (18) ◽

pp. 7791

Author(s):

Nan Ma ◽

Siyuan He ◽

Qingwen Min

Keyword(s):

Culture System ◽

Minority Groups ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Biological Resource ◽

Biological Resources ◽

Economic Forces ◽

Key Informant ◽

Farmer Income ◽

Edible Parts

An agricultural heritage system is a special type of protected area that is both culturally and ecologically important. Biological resources are an essential component of an agricultural heritage system. They are necessary to support human livelihood, and their usage is key to ensuring biodiversity. This study used a survey questionnaire and key informant interviews to investigate the use of edible biological resources (EBRs) in the Shuangjiang Mengku ancient tea and culture system (SMATCS). We investigated similarities and differences in EBR use between four minority groups as well as the driving forces behind them. The four groups used 245 EBR species in 113 families, and diversity of EBR use was found in terms of species, edible parts, harvest season, and usage. EBR use within groups was driven by natural, cultural, social, and economic forces. Two social factors (infrastructure and communication), two economic factors (overall economic development and farmer income), and a biological resource (species diversity) drove EBR utilization in all the groups convergently, while three cultural factors drove EBR utilization divergently. To assure the long-term sustainability of EBRs, the preservation of cultural diversity should be combined with the conservation of biodiversity. Targets must be set to adjust the impacts of the driving factors, and more stakeholders must be involved in the conservation of EBRs.

Download Full-text

Ex-Situ conservation strategy with apisilviculture systems based on Trigona incisa

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012087 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 886 (1) ◽

pp. 012087

Author(s):

Budiaman ◽

Yusran ◽

Samuel Arung Paembonan ◽

Iswara Gautama ◽

Hertasning Yatim

Keyword(s):

Data Base ◽

Development Strategy ◽

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Community Empowerment ◽

Conservation Strategy ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Primary Data ◽

Counseling Training

Abstract Luwu Utara District has the potential of natural resources and other supporting potentials in the development of the local bees Trigona incisa, but until now has not been inventoried accurately so there is no data base to formulate its development strategy in order to optimize the potential use. This study aims to determine Formulating an ex-situ conservation strategy for local beekeeping in North Luwu Regency.the potential development of local bees cultivation Trigona incisa in North Luwu . The research method used is direct observation, secondary data review, semi-structured interviews, ven diagrams, braistorming and discussion with target groups. The data collected consist of primary data and secondary data. The socioeconomic data obtained, analyzed descriptively, the role data between sectors were analyzed by Ven Diagram, policy data were analyzed with Content Analysis, while the local cultivation development strategy was analyzed by SWOT Analysis. The results showed that: North Luwu Regency had considerable potential in supporting the development of Trigona incisa local bees culture, among others: government policy, socio-cultural breeders, biophysical conditions and basic skills/knowledge of mastering several apiary technologies. The formulation of local bees cultivation development strategy in North Luwu Regency covers short and long term strategy. Short-term strategies include: Strengthening potential data base, network and information of farmers community through counseling/training. While long-term strategy include: Improvement of community empowerment of farmers through counseling/training (cultivation, harvest management, processing and marketing), creation of queen bee breeding center, and training of queen making and pest and disease control techniques.

Download Full-text

Conservation assessment at a regional level: the study case of 'Delphinium fissum' subsp. 'sordidum' (Ranunculaceae), an endemic Iberian subspecies with disjunct distribution

Mediterranean Botany ◽

10.5209/mbot.60137 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 165-175

Author(s):

Ruben Ramírez-Rodríguez ◽

Francisco Amich

Keyword(s):

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Regional Level ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Disjunct Distribution ◽

Conservation Assessment ◽

Conservation Values ◽

Study Case

Delphinium fissum subsp. sordidum is a restricted endemic subspecies whose core distribution is located in the central-western Iberian Peninsula with a disjunct subpopulation in Sierra Mágina (Jaén Province). This article reports a detailed study of its current distribution, population size and structure, and the threats that it faces. Phytosociological analysis shows two main plant communities where D. fissum subsp. sordidum develops: Quercion pyrenaicae and Quercion broteroi. According to the most recent IUCN categories and criteria, the conservation status of D. fissum subsp. sordidum is “Endangered” (EN) in Castile and Leon. We propose the creation of a Plant Micro-Reserve (PMR) in an enclave with high geological, ecological and conservation values. Medium-long term and individualized monitoring programs are required for all distribution range of Delphinium fissum subsp. sordidum. An overall Recovery Plan for the subspecies should be considered and implemented, including in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures that guarantee its protection, conservation and recovery.

Download Full-text

Bring the captive closer to the wild: redefining the role of ex situ conservation

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605310001766 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 18-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Diana J. Pritchard ◽

John E. Fa ◽

Sara Oldfield ◽

Stuart R. Harrop

Keyword(s):

Ex Situ Conservation ◽

In Situ Conservation ◽

Ex Situ ◽

International Regulation ◽

Extinction Rates ◽

Hybrid Approaches ◽

Global Biodiversity ◽

Effective Integration

AbstractIn situ conservation is central to contemporary global biodiversity protection and is the predominant emphasis of international regulation and funding strategies. Ex situ approaches, in contrast, have been relegated to a subsidiary role and their direct contributions to conservation have been limited. We draw on a variety of sources to make the case for an enhanced role for ex situ conservation. We note the advances occurring within institutions specializing in ex situ conservation and stress that, although much remains to be done, many constraints are being addressed. We argue that the evidence of increasing extinction rates, exacerbated by climate change, challenges the wisdom of a heavy dependence on in situ strategies and necessitates increased development of ex situ approaches. A number of different techniques that enable species and their habitats to survive should now be explored. These could build on the experience of management systems that have already demonstrated the effective integration of in situ and ex situ techniques and hybrid approaches. For organizations specializing in ex situ conservation to become more effective, however, they will require tangible support from the institutions of global biodiversity governance. Resistance is anticipated because in situ conservation is entrenched through powerful groups and organizations that exert influence on global conservation policy and facilitate the flow of funding. The chasm that has traditionally divided in situ and ex situ approaches may diminish as approaches are combined. Moreover, the relentless loss of the ‘wild’ may soon render the in situ / ex situ distinction misleading, or even obsolete.

Download Full-text

Role of the cotyledonary tissue in improving low and ultralow temperature tolerance of butternut (Juglanscinerea) embryonic axes

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x98-064 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 903-910 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tannis Beardmore ◽

Wendy Vong

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Seed Storage ◽

Temperature Tolerance ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Embryonic Axes ◽

Ultralow Temperature ◽

Percent Germination ◽

Viable Method

Butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) survival is threatened in North America by the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. To date, there is no control for this fungal disease and long-term seed storage, to ensure survival of the species, is not a viable option. Initially, low (0, 5, 10, 15, and 40°C) and ultralow (196°C, cryopreservation) temperature tolerance of butternut embryonic axes isolated from the nuts collected from one tree was examined. Embryonic axes with approximately 3 mm of cotyledonary tissue attached to the hypocotyl area germinated after exposure to 0, 5, 10, 15, and 40°C for 4 h and to 196°C for 24 h. Percent germination after exposure to 0 and 5°C was 87 and 82%, respectively, and after 10 and 15°C was 29 and 27%, respectively. Thirty-two percent of axes germinated after 40°C, and 36% germinated after exposure to 196°C. Tolerance to 196°C was examined in the embryonic axes isolated from the nuts of 13 other trees. Significant tree-to-tree variation was found in the tolerance of the embryonic axes to low temperature. This variation corresponded to the water content of the embryonic axes; water contents of 4.8% and lower exhibited tolerance to 196°C. Reducing the water content of the embryonic axes by slow desiccation to 4.8% or less resulted in an increased tolerance to 196°C. These results suggest that low and ultralow temperature storage of embryonic axes may be a viable method for butternut ex situ conservation.

Download Full-text