scholarly journals A Critical Review of the Current Global Ex Situ Conservation System for Plant Agrobiodiversity. II. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Current System and Recommendations for Its Improvement

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1904
Author(s):  
Johannes M. M. Engels ◽  
Andreas W. Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Current System ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Germplasm Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Ex Situ Collections

In this paper, we review gene bank operations that have an influence on the global conservation system, with the intention to identify critical aspects that should be improved for optimum performance. We describe the role of active and base collections and the importance of linking germplasm conservation and use, also in view of new developments in genomics and phenomics that facilitate more effective and efficient conservation and use of plant agrobiodiversity. Strengths, limitations, and opportunities of the existing global ex situ conservation system are discussed, and measures are proposed to achieve a rational, more effective, and efficient global system for germplasm conservation and sustainable use. The proposed measures include filling genetic and geographic gaps in current ex situ collections; determining unique accessions at the global level for long-term conservation in virtual base collections; intensifying existing international collaborations among gene banks and forging collaborations with the botanic gardens community; increasing investment in conservation research and user-oriented supportive research; improved accession-level description of the genetic diversity of crop collections; improvements of the legal and policy framework; and oversight of the proposed network of global base collections.

The Nagoya Protocol and the Role of Research Resource Centers as Ex-situ Conservation Institutes

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-69
Author(s):  
Hyeyeon Im ◽  
Minkyung Jung ◽  
Kyungsook Ahn ◽  
Ki Hyun Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Nagoya Protocol

scholarly journals Propagation of Threatened Nepenthes khasiana: Methods and Precautions

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-315
Author(s):  
Jibankumar S. KHURAIJAM ◽  
Rup K. ROY
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Propagation Technique ◽  
Subsequent Propagation ◽  
Nepenthes Khasiana

Ex-situ conservation is an important key in the management of rare, endangered and threatened (RET) plant species and its effectiveness depends on several factors. Maintenance of viable germplasm and its subsequent propagation plays an important role in long term conservation of many RET species. Nepenthes khasiana is a rare and gravely threatened species in the wild due to over-collection and other threats. The species needs urgent in-situ and ex-situ conservation. Development of easy to propagate techniques would pave faster multiplication for its use of educational, medicinal and horticultural purpose. In the present paper, successful propagation technique of Nepenthes khasiana through seeds is demonstrated along with detailed information on precautions to be taken during the adoption of the techniques.

scholarly journals In situ and ex situ conservation gap analyses of crop wild relatives from Malawi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolipher Khaki Mponya ◽  
Tembo Chanyenga ◽  
Joana Magos Brehm ◽  
Nigel Maxted
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Ex Situ Collections ◽  
Minimum Number

Abstract The study analysed the conservation gaps of the priority crop wild relatives (CWR) taxa for Malawi in order to contribute to the development of a harmonized conservation strategy that helps secure the priority CWR under in situ and ex situ. We used taxa distribution modelling, complementarity analysis and ecogeographic land characterization map to analyse spatial diversity and distribution of 123 priority taxa across different adaptive scenarios. We identified areas of observed and predicted richness, the minimum number of protected areas (PAs) that conserve the broadest ecogeographic diversity in situ and the minimum number of grid cells that capture highest diversity outside PAs to recommend the establishment of genetic reserves. We then analysed the representativeness of the conserved ecogeographic diversity of target taxa in ex situ collections to identify ex situ conservation gaps and advise for priority areas for ex situ collections. For the 123 taxa, 70.7% of the total diversity occurs in 36 PAs with 66.8% of the diversity captured in only 10 complementary PAs. Outside PAs, the broadest diversity was conserved in three grid cells of size 5 × 5 km. Fifty-three of 123 taxa have ex situ collections with only three taxa having ex situ collections at the Malawi Plant Genetic Resources Centre. The findings of this study will guide formulation of conservation actions for the priority taxa as well as lobbying for active conservation of the same under in situ and ex situ.

scholarly journals Mitigating Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valarie Thomas ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Pascale Van Rooij ◽  
Elin Verbrugghe ◽  
Vojtech Baláž ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Chytrid Fungus ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Batrachochytrium Salamandrivorans ◽  
Mitigation Methods

Abstract The infectious chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) has been responsible for severe population declines of salamander populations in Europe. Serious population declines and loss of urodelan diversity may occur if appropriate action is not taken to mitigate against the further spread and impact of Bsal. We provide an overview of several potential mitigation methods, and describe their possible advantages and limitations. We conclude that long-term, context-dependent, multi-faceted approaches are needed to successfully mitigate adverse effects of Bsal, and that these approaches should be initiated pre-arrival of the pathogen. The establishment of ex situ assurance colonies, or management units, for species threatened with extinction, should be considered as soon as possible. While ex situ conservation and preventive measures aimed at improving biosecurity by limiting amphibian trade may be implemented quickly, major challenges that lie ahead are in designing in situ disease containment and mitigation post-arrival and in increasing public awareness.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Weronika Bielka ◽  
Agnieszka Przezak ◽  
Andrzej Pawlik
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Β Cell Function ◽  
Therapeutic Problem

Diabetes mellitus is a significant clinical and therapeutic problem because it can lead to serious long-term complications. Its pathogenesis is not fully understood, but there are indications that dysbiosis can play a role in the development of diabetes, or that it appears during the course of the disease. Changes in microbiota composition are observed in both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. These modifications are associated with pro-inflammation, increased intestinal permeability, endotoxemia, impaired β-cell function and development of insulin resistance. This review summarizes the role of the gut microbiota in healthy individuals and the changes in bacterial composition that can be associated with T1D or T2D. It also presents new developments in diabetes therapy based on influencing the gut microbiota as a promising method to alter the course of diabetes. Moreover, it highlights the lacking data and suggests future directions needed to prove the causal relationship between dysbiosis and diabetes, both T1D and T2D.

scholarly journals Initial stages of Gymnadenia conopsea (Orchidaceae) morphogenesis in in vitro culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 00059
Author(s):  
Alexandra Nabieva ◽  
Elena Zhmud ◽  
Yulianna Zaytseva
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Germplasm Conservation ◽  
West Siberia ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Gymnadenia Conopsea ◽  
Initial Stage

In the West Siberia there is very little data on the biology of cenopopulations of Gymnadenia conopsea. Habitat destruction and environmental changes, which potentially affected species long-term viability, led to G. conopsea cenopopulations fragmentation and isolation. A detailed study of the morphology variability of the Fragrant orchid representatives was carried out in the cenopopulation in Novosibirsk region. Our results indicate that asymbiotic germination of G. conopsea seeds is difficult to achieve and the species has serious conservation issues. It is the first report when the introduction of G. conopsea in tissue culture was undertaken as the initial stage of germplasm conservation of Siberian cenopopulation. Three modified nutrient media with different growth additives were tested to promote protocorm and seedling formation. The advanced G. conopsea seedlings establishment was obtained in 1/3 Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented by 1.0 mgl−1 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP), 0.1 mgl−1 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 10% coconut water. This study allowed establishing a reliable and reproducible system for the G. conopsea maintenance and conservation ex situ.

scholarly journals Ex-Situ conservation strategy with apisilviculture systems based on Trigona incisa

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 (1) ◽  
pp. 012087
Author(s):  
Budiaman ◽  
Yusran ◽  
Samuel Arung Paembonan ◽  
Iswara Gautama ◽  
Hertasning Yatim
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Counseling Training

Abstract Luwu Utara District has the potential of natural resources and other supporting potentials in the development of the local bees Trigona incisa, but until now has not been inventoried accurately so there is no data base to formulate its development strategy in order to optimize the potential use. This study aims to determine Formulating an ex-situ conservation strategy for local beekeeping in North Luwu Regency.the potential development of local bees cultivation Trigona incisa in North Luwu . The research method used is direct observation, secondary data review, semi-structured interviews, ven diagrams, braistorming and discussion with target groups. The data collected consist of primary data and secondary data. The socioeconomic data obtained, analyzed descriptively, the role data between sectors were analyzed by Ven Diagram, policy data were analyzed with Content Analysis, while the local cultivation development strategy was analyzed by SWOT Analysis. The results showed that: North Luwu Regency had considerable potential in supporting the development of Trigona incisa local bees culture, among others: government policy, socio-cultural breeders, biophysical conditions and basic skills/knowledge of mastering several apiary technologies. The formulation of local bees cultivation development strategy in North Luwu Regency covers short and long term strategy. Short-term strategies include: Strengthening potential data base, network and information of farmers community through counseling/training. While long-term strategy include: Improvement of community empowerment of farmers through counseling/training (cultivation, harvest management, processing and marketing), creation of queen bee breeding center, and training of queen making and pest and disease control techniques.

scholarly journals In-Situ and Ex-Situ Biodiversity Conservation in Ecuador: A Review of Policies, Actions and Challenges

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Mestanza-Ramón ◽  
Sujan M. Henkanaththegedara ◽  
Paola Vásconez Duchicela ◽  
Yadira Vargas Tierras ◽  
Maritza Sánchez Capa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Small Scale

Biodiversity is vital for the stability of the planet; its ecosystem services provide essential elements for our survival and well-being. This review analyzes the national biodiversity policies and describes the main strategies for biodiversity conservation in Ecuador, one of the “mega-diverse” countries in the world with the highest species density. It deepens an analysis of in-situ and ex-situ conservation processes. Ecuador has six clear policies for biodiversity conservation. These policies strengthen biodiversity conservation through mechanisms that improve the well-being of wildlife by ensuring human, wildlife and ecosystem health. It promotes actions for the welfare of wildlife, through technical, administrative and legal tools. The National System of Protected Areas, with 60 protected areas, is the most effective in-situ conservation instrument at the country level. Several ex-situ conservation and management means for the conservation of wild species are being utilized, including nurseries, botanical gardens, zoos, germplasm banks, aquariums, species reproduction and rehabilitation centers. Ecuador is making slow progress on ex-situ conservation despite the availability of a sound policy framework, possibly due to financial, infrastructural, and/or technological challenges, and knowledge gaps. We propose fostering international research collaborations and establishing fully funded small-scale captive breeding programs at zoos, aquariums and university research facilities to help recovery of at-risk species of reptiles, amphibians, fish and species beyond Galapagos region. We recommend utilizing citizen science programs to fill the gaps of biodiversity information and increasing efforts to revive the ex-situ conservation strategies in protecting the unique biodiversity of Ecuador.

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