The Role of Hormones in Exercise-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy

This letter is a response to the paper by Damas et al (2017) titled, “The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: the role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis,” which, in part, endeavored to review the role of exercise-induced muscle damage on muscle hypertrophy. We feel there are a number of issues in interpretation of research and extrapolation that preclude drawing the inference expressed in the paper that muscle damage neither explains nor potentiates increases in muscle hypertrophy. The intent of our letter is not to suggest that a causal role exists between hypertrophy and microinjury. Rather, we hope to provide balance to the evidence presented and offer the opinion that the jury is still very much out as to providing answers on the topic.

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Role of Exercise-Induced Repetitive Rise of Filling Pressure and Plasma Hormones for Advanced Progressive Remodeling - Effect of Quinapril

Journal of the American College of Cardiology ◽

10.1016/s0735-1097(97)83777-1 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 15A

Author(s):

I Kugler

Keyword(s):

Filling Pressure ◽

Plasma Hormones ◽

Exercise Induced

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Exercise-Induced Fibrinolysis – Fact or Fiction?

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1657256 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 48 (02) ◽

pp. 201-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

N A Marsh ◽

P J Gaffney

Keyword(s):

Plasminogen Activator ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Coagulation Factors ◽

Vascular Wall ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Fibrin Degradation Products ◽

Real Increase ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Male Subjects

SummaryThe effect of strenuous exercise on the fibrinolytic and coagulation mechanisms was examined in six healthy male subjects. Five min bicycle exercise at a work-rate of 800 to 1200 kpm. min−1 produced an abrupt increase in plasma plasminogen activator levels which disappeared after 90 min. However, there was no change in early or late fibrin degradation products nor was there a change in fibrinopeptide A levels or βthromboglobulin levels after exercise although activated partial thromboplastin times were significantly shortened. It is concluded that strenuous exercise does not produce any real increase in fibrinogen-fibrin conversion nor any real increase in the breakdown of these proteins. The role of exercise-induced release of plasminogen activator remains unclear, but probably helps to maintain plasma levels in a discontinuous manner concurrently with the continuous low-level secretion from the vascular wall. The shortening of partial thromboplastin time may be due to the raised levels of plasminogen activator changing the activation state of other coagulation factors.

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Role of the sympathoadrenal system in exercise-induced inhibition of insulin secretion. Effects of islet transplantation

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/diabetes.44.5.565 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 565-571 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

H. Houwing ◽

K. M. Frankel ◽

J. H. Strubbe ◽

P. T. van Suylichem ◽

A. B. Steffens

Keyword(s):

Insulin Secretion ◽

Islet Transplantation ◽

Sympathoadrenal System ◽

Exercise Induced

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From Exercise to Cognitive Performance: Role of Irisin

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11157120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (15) ◽

pp. 7120

Author(s):

Mirko Pesce ◽

Irene La Fratta ◽

Teresa Paolucci ◽

Alfredo Grilli ◽

Antonia Patruno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

The Elderly ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

General Exercise ◽

Fibronectin Type Iii ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Fibronectin Type Iii Domain ◽

The Brain

The beneficial effects of exercise on the brain are well known. In general, exercise offers an effective way to improve cognitive function in all ages, particularly in the elderly, who are considered the most vulnerable to neurodegenerative disorders. In this regard, myokines, hormones secreted by muscle in response to exercise, have recently gained attention as beneficial mediators. Irisin is a novel exercise-induced myokine, that modulates several bodily processes, such as glucose homeostasis, and reduces systemic inflammation. Irisin is cleaved from fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), a transmembrane precursor protein expressed in muscle under the control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). The FNDC5/irisin system is also expressed in the hippocampus, where it stimulates the expression of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor in this area that is associated with learning and memory. In this review, we aimed to discuss the role of irisin as a key mediator of the beneficial effects of exercise on synaptic plasticity and memory in the elderly, suggesting its roles within the main promoters of the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain.

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Are We Exploring the Potential Role of Specialized Techniques in Muscle Hypertrophy?

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-1342-7708 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Witalo Kassiano ◽

Bruna Daniella de Vasconcelos Costa ◽

João Pedro Nunes ◽

Andreo Fernando Aguiar ◽

Belmiro F. de Salles ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Muscle Hypertrophy ◽

Potential Role ◽

Ecological Validity ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

Training Techniques ◽

Methodological Rigor ◽

Traditional Resistance Training ◽

Intervening Variables

AbstractSpecialized resistance training techniques (e.g., drop-set, rest-pause) are commonly used by well-trained subjects for maximizing muscle hypertrophy. Most of these techniques were designed to allow a greater training volume (i.e., total repetitions×load), due to the supposition that it elicits greater muscle mass gains. However, many studies that compared the traditional resistance training configuration with specialized techniques seek to equalize the volume between groups, making it difficult to determine the inherent hypertrophic potential of these advanced strategies, as well as, this equalization restricts part of the practical extrapolation on these findings. In this scenario, the objectives of this manuscript were 1) to present the nuance of the evidence that deals with the effectiveness of these specialized resistance training techniques and — primarily — to 2) propose possible ways to explore the hypertrophic potential of such strategies with greater ecological validity without losing the methodological rigor of controlling possible intervening variables; and thus, contributing to increasing the applicability of the findings and improving the effectiveness of hypertrophy-oriented resistance training programs.

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