Long-Term Window Evaluation: Comparison of Pavilion Laboratory and Climate Chamber Measurement

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-140
Author(s):  
Peter Juras ◽  
Pavol Durica ◽  
Marek Bartko
Keyword(s):  
Climate Chamber

scholarly journals Humans differ in their personal microbial cloud

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Meadow ◽  
Adam E. Altrichter ◽  
Ashley C. Bateman ◽  
Jason Stenson ◽  
GZ Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Single Person ◽  
First Time

Dispersal of microbes between humans and the built environment can occur through direct contact with surfaces or through airborne release; the latter mechanism remains poorly understood. Humans emit upwards of 106biological particles per hour, and have long been known to transmit pathogens to other individuals and to indoor surfaces. However it has not previously been demonstrated that humans emit a detectible microbial cloud into surrounding indoor air, nor whether such clouds are sufficiently differentiated to allow the identification of individual occupants. We used high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes to characterize the airborne bacterial contribution of a single person sitting in a sanitized custom experimental climate chamber. We compared that to air sampled in an adjacent, identical, unoccupied chamber, as well as to supply and exhaust air sources. Additionally, we assessed microbial communities in settled particles surrounding each occupant, to investigate the potential long-term fate of airborne microbial emissions. Most occupants could be clearly detected by their airborne bacterial emissions, as well as their contribution to settled particles, within 1.5–4 h. Bacterial clouds from the occupants were statistically distinct, allowing the identification of some individual occupants. Our results confirm that an occupied space is microbially distinct from an unoccupied one, and demonstrate for the first time that individuals release their own personalized microbial cloud.

scholarly journals Gas adsorption and desorption effects on cylinders and their importance for long-term gas records

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 19293-19314 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Leuenberger ◽  
M. F. Schibig ◽  
P. Nyfeler
Keyword(s):  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Adsorption Model ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Temperature Coefficients ◽  
Monolayer Adsorption ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Abstract. It is well known that gases adsorb on many surfaces, in particular metal surfaces. There are two main forms responsible for these effects (i) physisorption and (ii) chemisorption. Physisorption is associated with lower binding energies in the order of 1–10 kJ mol−1 compared to chemisorption ranging from 100 to 1000 kJ mol−1. Furthermore, chemisorption forms only monolayers, contrasting physisorption that can form multilayer adsorption. The reverse process is called desorption and follows similar mathematical laws, however, it can be influenced by hysteresis effects. In the present experiment we investigated the adsorption/desorption phenomena on three steel and three aluminium cylinders containing compressed air in our laboratory and under controlled conditions in a climate chamber, respectively. We proved the pressure effect on physisorption for CO2, CH4 and H2O by decanting a steel and an aluminium cylinder completely. The results are in excellent agreement with a monolayer adsorption model for both cylinders. However, adsorption on aluminium (0.3 ppm and 0 ppm for CO2 and H2O) was about 20 times less than on steel (6 ppm and 30 ppm, respectively). In the climate chamber the cylinders were exposed to temperatures between −10 to +50 °C to determine the corresponding temperature coefficients of adsorption. Again, we found distinctly different values for CO2 ranging from 0.0011 to 0.0133 ppm °C−1 for steel cylinders and −0.0003 to −0.0005 ppm °C−1 for aluminium cylinders. The reversed temperature dependence for aluminium cylinders is most probably due to temperature and gas consumption induced pressure changes. After correction, aluminium cylinders showed no temperature independence. Temperature coefficients for CH4, CO and H2O adsorption were, within their error bands, insignificant. These results do indicate the need for careful selection and usage of gas cylinders for high precision calibration purposes such as requested in trace gas applications.

scholarly journals Thermal comfort environment for migrants: a long-term follow-up climate chamber experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2069 (1) ◽  
pp. 012237
Author(s):  
Yu Dong ◽  
Yuan Shi ◽  
Yanfeng Liu ◽  
Jørn Toftum
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Thermal Adaptation ◽  
Indoor Climate ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Chamber Experiment ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Abstract Migration between different climate regions may change people’s thermal experience and their thermal adaptation. However, few studies have explored the thermal adaptation process and the suitable indoor thermal environment of migrants. In this study, we conducted a long-term tracking comparative experiment on thermal adaptation of migrants moving from severe cold (SC) regions, hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) regions, and hot summer and warm winter (HSWW) regions to cold region of China. A two-year climate chamber experiment was conducted to follow migrants’ progressive thermal adaptation, such as different weeks, months and seasons after they migrated. The results show that the thermal sensation of migrants was significantly associated with their origin, the time after migration and air temperature. In addition, with the increase time after migration, the thermal sensitivity of HSCW and SC migrants showed a significant upward and downward trend, respectively. Two years after migration, the thermal comfort limits of migrants from SC, HSWW and HSCW were almost identical at 23.5-27.8°C, 23.8-27.8°C, and 23.5-27.6°C. The results provides insight to the progression of thermal adaptation and helpful to guide the design of indoor climate for immigrants with different thermal experiences.

scholarly journals Gas adsorption and desorption effects on cylinders and their importance for long-term gas records

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 8083-8112
Author(s):  
M. C. Leuenberger ◽  
M. F. Schibig ◽  
P. Nyfeler
Keyword(s):  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Adsorption Model ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Temperature Coefficients ◽  
Monolayer Adsorption ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Pressure Changes ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Abstract. It is well known that gases adsorb on many surfaces, in particular metal surfaces. There are two main forms responsible for these effects (i) physisorption and (ii) chemisorption. Physisorption is associated with lower binding energies in the order of 1–10 kJ mol−1 compared to chemisorption ranging from 100 to 1000 kJ mol−1. Furthermore, chemisorption forms only monolayers, contrasting physisorption that can form multilayer adsorption. The reverse process is called desorption and follows similar mathematical laws, however, it can be influenced by hysteresis effects. In the present experiment we investigated the adsorption/desorption phenomena on three steel and three aluminium cylinders containing compressed air in our laboratory and under controlled conditions in a climate chamber, respectively. We proved the pressure effect on physisorption for CO2, CH4 and H2O by decanting one steel and two aluminium cylinders completely. The CO2 results for both cylinders are in excellent agreement with the pressure dependence of a monolayer adsorption model. However, adsorption on aluminium (< 0.05 and 0 ppm for CO2 and H2O) was about 10 times less than on steel (< 0.41 ppm and about < 2.5 ppm, respectively). The CO2 amounts adsorbed (5.8 × 1019 CO2 molecules) corresponds to about the five-fold monolayer adsorption indicating that the effective surface exposed for adsorption is significantly larger than the geometric surface area. Adsorption/desorption effects were minimal for CH4 and for CO. However, the latter dependence requires further attention since it was only studied on one aluminium cylinder with a very low mole fraction. In the climate chamber the cylinders were exposed to temperatures between −10 and +50 °C to determine the corresponding temperature coefficients of adsorption. Again, we found distinctly different values for CO2 ranging from 0.0014 to 0.0184 ppm °C−1 for steel cylinders and −0.0002 to −0.0003 ppm °C−1 for aluminium cylinders. The reversed temperature dependence for aluminium cylinders point to significantly lower desorption energies than for steel cylinders and might at least partly be due to temperature and gas consumption induced pressure changes. Temperature coefficients for CH4, CO and H2O adsorption were, within their error bands, insignificant. These results do indicate the need for careful selection and usage of gas cylinders for high precision calibration purposes such as requested in trace gas applications.

Therapy and prevention for mental health: What if mental diseases are mostly not brain disorders?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. A. Ioannidis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Labor Education ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Political Decisions

AbstractNeurobiology-based interventions for mental diseases and searches for useful biomarkers of treatment response have largely failed. Clinical trials should assess interventions related to environmental and social stressors, with long-term follow-up; social rather than biological endpoints; personalized outcomes; and suitable cluster, adaptive, and n-of-1 designs. Labor, education, financial, and other social/political decisions should be evaluated for their impacts on mental disease.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Brief summary of Kleť photographic search programme for minor planets

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 189-192
Author(s):  
J. Tichá ◽  
M. Tichý ◽  
Z. Moravec
Keyword(s):  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Minor Planet ◽  
Minor Planets ◽  
Main Belt

AbstractA long-term photographic search programme for minor planets was begun at the Kleť Observatory at the end of seventies using a 0.63-m Maksutov telescope, but with insufficient respect for long-arc follow-up astrometry. More than two thousand provisional designations were given to new Kleť discoveries. Since 1993 targeted follow-up astrometry of Kleť candidates has been performed with a 0.57-m reflector equipped with a CCD camera, and reliable orbits for many previous Kleť discoveries have been determined. The photographic programme results in more than 350 numbered minor planets credited to Kleť, one of the world's most prolific discovery sites. Nearly 50 per cent of them were numbered as a consequence of CCD follow-up observations since 1994.This brief summary describes the results of this Kleť photographic minor planet survey between 1977 and 1996. The majority of the Kleť photographic discoveries are main belt asteroids, but two Amor type asteroids and one Trojan have been found.

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