Importance of Air Pollutants in Controlling the Epidemic During the City Lockdown for COVID-19 in China: Analysis Based on Environmental Monitoring

Introduction. The city of Chita of Zabaikalsky region is one of the cities of Russia, priority on level of pollution of atmosphere. Of the order of 130 impurities emitted by the sources of the city, 12 are monitored at 5 posts of the Roshydromet network. Maximum monthly average concentrations are formed by benz (a) pyrene (up to 56.8 MPC), hydrogen sulfide (12.3 MPC), suspended particles (up to 4PDC), phenol (up to 3.6 MPC). Significant emissions (59.73 thousand tons in 2018) are aggravated by the use of coal as a fuel by heat and power enterprises and the private sector, climatic and geographical features. Within the framework of the Federal project “Clean Air” of the national project “Ecology”, it is envisaged to reduce the gross emission of pollutants into the atmosphere of Chita by 8.75 thousand tons by 2024, which should lead to a significant improvement in the safety and quality of life of citizens. It is necessary to identify the most “risky “components of pollution for health.It is important to understand: whether the environmental monitoring system reflects the real picture of the dangers posed by pollution of the city’s atmosphere; whether there is a need to optimize the monitoring system for the subsequent assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of measures; what impurities and at what points should be monitored in the interests of the population, administration and economic entities implementing air protection measures.The aim of the study is to develop recommendations for optimizing the program of environmental monitoring of air quality in the city of Chita, taking into account the criteria of danger to public health for the subsequent evaluation of the effectiveness and effectiveness of the Federal project “Clean Air”.Materials and methods. Justification of optimization of monitoring programs was carried out through the calculation of hazard indices, considering: the mass of emissions and toxicological characteristics of each chemical; the population under the influence. A vector map of the city with a layer “population density” was used as a topographic base. The indices were calculated for regular grid cells covering the residential area. For each cell, the repeatability of winds of 8 points from the priority enterprises and the population within the calculated cell were taken into account. As a result, each calculation cell was characterized by a total coefficient, taking into account the danger of potential impacts of emissions. Based on the results of the assessments, recommendations were formulated to optimize the placement of posts in the city and the formation of monitoring programs.Results. Indices of carcinogenic danger to the health of the population of Chita ranged from 584,805. 96 to 0.03 (priorities: carbon (soot), benzene, benz (a) pyrene); indices of non-carcinogenic danger — from 1,443,558. 24 to 0.00 (priorities: sulfur dioxide, inorganic dust containing 70–20% SiO2, fuel oil ash). The greatest danger to public health stationary sources of emissions form in the North-Western, Western and South-Eastern parts of the city. Roshydromet posts in these zones are absent.Conclusions. As part of the objectives of the project “Clean Air”, it is recommended to Supplement the existing state network of observations of atmospheric air quality in Chita with two posts; to include manganese, xylene, vanadium pentoxide in the monitoring programs, to carry out the determination of Benz(a)pyrene et all posts, which will allow to fully and adequately assess the danger of emissions of economic entities, as well as the effectiveness and efficiency of the provided air protection measures.

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A preliminary assessment of major air pollutants in the city of Suzhou, China

Atmospheric Environment ◽

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.056 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 40 (33) ◽

pp. 6380-6395 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Francesca Costabile ◽

Giuliano Bertoni ◽

Franco Desantis ◽

Fenjuan Wang ◽

Hong Weimin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollutants ◽

Preliminary Assessment ◽

The City

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Contribution of Local and Transboundary Air Pollution to the Urban Air Quality of Fukuoka, Japan

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12040431 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 431

Author(s):

Ayako Yoshino ◽

Akinori Takami ◽

Keiichiro Hara ◽

Chiharu Nishita-Hara ◽

Masahiko Hayashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Gaseous Species ◽

Transboundary Air Pollution ◽

Local Air Pollution ◽

The City

Transboundary air pollution (TAP) and local air pollution (LAP) influence the air quality of urban areas. Fukuoka, located on the west side of Japan and affected by TAP from the Asian continent, is a unique example for understanding the contribution of LAP and TAP. Gaseous species and particulate matter (PM) were measured for approximately three weeks in Fukuoka in the winter of 2018. We classified two distinctive periods, LAP and TAP, based on wind speed. The classification was supported by variations in the concentration of gaseous species and by backward trajectories. Most air pollutants, including NOx and PM, were high in the LAP period and low in the TAP period. However, ozone was the exception. Therefore, our findings suggest that reducing local emissions is necessary. Ozone was higher in the TAP period, and the variation in ozone concentration was relatively small, indicating that ozone was produced outside of the city and transported to Fukuoka. Thus, air pollutants must also be reduced at a regional scale, including in China.

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Socioeconomic inequalities and exposure to traffic-related air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00168412 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 119-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mateus Habermann ◽

Míriam Souza ◽

Rogério Prado ◽

Nelson Gouveia

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Health Concern ◽

Traffic Density ◽

São Paulo ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City

Air pollution is a leading public health concern. In addition, poor populations have been reported as showing increased exposure to such pollution. The current study thus aimed to evaluate the socioeconomic status of the population exposed to vehicle-related air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The study used data from the 2010 Census on head-of-household’s mean monthly income and the percentage of households connected to the sewage system. Exposure to air pollutants was estimated according to traffic density in the census tract plus a 200m surrounding buffer. The relationship between exposure and socioeconomic variables was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Exposure increased with increasing socioeconomic status (p < 0.001). The population with the highest socioeconomic status lives in the most polluted areas of the city. However, place of residence alone is not capable of measuring exposure. The study suggests that future epidemiological studies include other indicators of vulnerability.

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Research and paths to improve the environmental monitoring in the city of Kryvyi Rih

Ecological Sciences ◽

10.32846/2306-9716/2020.eco.5-32.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 16-22

Author(s):

I. Saliy ◽

N. Ryzhenko ◽

V. Zaselskyj ◽

D. Popolov

Keyword(s):

Environmental Monitoring ◽

The City

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Air pollutants emissions from biomass combustion in the City of Novi Sad, Serbia

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery ◽

10.1007/s13399-021-01882-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aleksandar Nesterovic ◽

Djordje Djatkov ◽

Miodrag Viskovic ◽

Milan Martinov ◽

Dragan Adamovic

Keyword(s):

Air Pollutants ◽

Biomass Combustion ◽

Novi Sad ◽

The City

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Air Quality in Riga and Its Improvement Options

Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University Environmental and Climate Technologies ◽

10.2478/v10145-011-0030-2 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (-1) ◽

pp. 72-78

Author(s):

Janis Kleperis ◽

Gunars Bajars ◽

Ingrida Bremere ◽

Martins Menniks ◽

Arturs Viksna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Energy Efficiency ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Air Quality ◽

European Commission ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Industrial Sectors ◽

Particle Pollution ◽

The City

Air Quality in Riga and Its Improvement Options Air quality in the city of Riga is evaluated from direct monitoring results and from accounting registered air pollutants in the city. It is concluded that from all air polluting substances listed in the European Commission directives, only nitrogen dioxide NO2 and particulate matter PM10 exceed the limits. In assessing the projected measures to improve air quality in Riga, it can be concluded that the implementation of cleaner fuels and improvements in energy efficiency of household and industrial sectors will decrease particle pollution, but measures in the transport sector will also contribute to reducing air pollution from nitrogen oxides.

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Environmental and social follow-up costs of traffic in cities: A case study of the city of Augsburg differentiated by means of transport

10.5194/dkt-12-46 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Benjamin Oebel ◽

Dr. Tobias Gaugler

Keyword(s):

Public Transport ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Social Costs ◽

External Costs ◽

Environmental Costs ◽

The Social ◽

The Cost ◽

The City

Keywords: External costs, mobility, environmental costs, social costs, monetarization &#160; Purpose: This study provides a methodology to evaluate the environmental and social costs, which arise from traffic in the German city of Augsburg. Social costs are driven by air pollutants such as nitric oxides or particulate matter, causing health damages. Environmental follow-up costs are driven by the emission of greenhouse gases. Furthermore, approaches for a successful transformation towards a car-free city are shown. Method: Based on traffic data from the Augsburg Civil Engineering Office, as well as traffic shares from the German Federal Motor Transport Authority, the average emission factors of vehicles on Augsburg&#180;s streets and, subsequently, the total traffic emissions on municipal roads in the city are quantified. The environmental as well as the social consequences are monetarized using the cost rates by Matthey and B&#252;nger (2019) and van Essen et al. (2019). Social costs are additionally assessed using to the DALY approach. Therefore the DALYs lost due to air pollutants are determined and costs per DALY are calculated using the willingness to pay-approach by Cropper and Khanna (2014) and Spengler (2004) additionally to a method by Daroudi et al. (2019) assessing health care expenditures. Results: Applying this framework to the case study of Augsburg, results show, that environmental costs of 140.6 Million &#8364; arise from traffic in the city per year. These costs are entirely attributable to car traffic (77.7%), truck traffic (19.8%) and motorcycle traffic (1.9%), as public transport in Augsburg is climate neutral. Further, traffic on municipal roads in Augsburg causes a loss of 212.3 DALYs per year, which equals to annual social costs of 27.2 Million &#8364;. Cars account for 63.2% of those, trucks for 33.8%, motorcycles for 2.3% and buses for 0.2%, respectively. With a proportion of passenger kilometers of 90.4% from cars, 6.1% from motorcycles and 3.6% from buses, it is evident that cars contribute disproportionately to the environmental and social costs of Augsburg's traffic. Conclusion: The social and economic follow-up costs of transport in the city of Augsburg are currently not borne by the polluter. Their great amount encourages measures, such as reinforcing the use of bicycles or public transport, eventually facilitating a change towards sustainable traffic in Augsburg. &#160; References Cropper, Maureen; Khanna, Shefali (2014): How Should the World Bank Estimate Air Pollution Damages? In Resources for the Future Discussion Paper, pp.&#160;14&#8211;30. Daroudi, Rajabali; Faramarzi, Ahmad; Akbari Sari, Ali; Nahvijou, Azin (2019): Cost Per Daly Averted in Low, Middle and High Income Countries: Evidence from Global Burden of Disease Study to Estimate the Cost Effectiveness Thresholds. In SSRN Journal. Matthey, Astrid; B&#252;nger, Bj&#246;rn (2019): Methodenkonvention 3.0 zur Ermittlung von Umweltkosten &#8211; Kostens&#228;tze. Edited by Umweltbundesamt. Available online at https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/2019-02-11_methodenkonvention-3-0_kostensaetze_korr.pdf, checked on 10/29/2020. Spengler, Hannes (2004): Kompensatorische Lohndifferenziale und der Wert eines statistischen Lebens in Deutschland. In Zeitschrift f&#252;r ArbeitsmarktForschung-Journal for Labour Market Research 37 (3), pp.&#160;269&#8211;305. van Essen, Huib; van Wijngaarden, Lisanne, Schroten, Arno; Sutter, Daniel; Bieler, Cuno; Maffii, Silvia; Brambilla, Marco et al. (2019): Handbook on the external costs of transport. Edited by CE Delft. Available online at https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/studies/internalisation-handbook-isbn-978-92-79-96917-1.pdf, checked on 10/29/2020.

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