RET and Thyroid Carcinomas

SummaryAim: Thyroid nodules > 1 cm are observed in about 12% of unselected adult employees aged 18–65 years screened by ultrasound scan (40). While intensive ultrasound screening leads to early detection of thyroid diseases, the determination of benign or malignant behaviour remains uncertain and may trigger anxieties in many patients and their physicians. A considerable number of thyroid resections are consecutively performed due to suspicion of malignancy in the detected nodes. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) has been recommended for the assessment of thyroid nodules to facilitate detection of thyroid carcinomas but also to rule out malignancy and thereby avoid unnecessary thyroid resections. However, cytology results are dependent on experience of the respective cytologist and unfortunately inconclusive in many cases. Methods: Molecular genetic markers are already used nowadays to enhance sensitivity and specificity of FNAB cytology in some centers in Germany. The most clinically relevant molecular genetic markers as pre-operative diagnostic tools and the clinical implications for the intraoperative and postoperative management were reviewed. Results: Molecular genetic markers predominantly focus on the preoperative detection of thyroid malignancies rather than the exclusion of thyroid carcinomas. While some centers routinely assess FNABs, other centers concentrate on FNABs with cytology results of follicular neoplasia or suspicion of thyroid carcinoma. Predominantly mutations of BRAF, RET/PTC, RAS, and PAX8/PPARγ or expression of miRNAs are analyzed. However, only the detection of BRAF mutations predicts the presence of (papillary) thyroid malignancy with almost 98% probability, indicating necessity of oncologic thyroid resections irrespective of the cytology result. Other genetic alterations are associated with thyroid malignancy with varying frequency and achieve less impact on the clinical management. Conclusion: Molecular genetic analysis of FNABs is increasingly performed in Germany. Standardization, quality controls, and validation of various methods need to be implemented in the near future to be able to compare the results. With increasing knowledge about the impact of genetic alterations on the prognosis of thyroid carcinomas, recommendations have to be defined that may lead to individually optimized treatment strategies.

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FGF-2 and TIMP-3 are the target genes of β-catenin in thyroid carcinomas

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes ◽

10.1055/s-2004-819243 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 112 (S 1) ◽

Author(s):

N Kremenevskaja ◽

J Lauber ◽

J Buer ◽

AS Rao ◽

G Brabant

Keyword(s):

Target Genes ◽

Thyroid Carcinomas

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Chemotherapy with doxorubicin in progressive medullary, follicular, and papillary thyroid carcinomas

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes ◽

10.1055/s-2006-933056 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 114 (S 1) ◽

Author(s):

A Matuszczyk ◽

S Petersenn ◽

A Bockisch ◽

S Sheu ◽

P Veit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Papillary Thyroid ◽

Thyroid Carcinomas

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Lymph Node Metastases in Thyroid Carcinomas: CT Diagnosis

Journal of the Korean Radiological Society ◽

10.3348/jkrs.2001.45.6.581 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 581

Author(s):

Ji Seon Joo ◽

Hyung Jin Kim ◽

Kyung Jin Kang ◽

Young Kuk Cho ◽

Myung Kwan Lim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Lymph Node Metastases ◽

Ct Diagnosis ◽

Thyroid Carcinomas ◽

Node Metastases

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Prognostic significance of TERT promoter mutations in follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinomas

Endocrine Abstracts ◽

10.1530/endoabs.35.p1149 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Miguel Melo ◽

Rocha Adriana Gaspar da ◽

Joao Vinagre ◽

Rui Batista ◽

Joana Peixoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prognostic Significance ◽

Follicular Cell ◽

Thyroid Carcinomas ◽

Tert Promoter ◽

Tert Promoter Mutations ◽

Promoter Mutations

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Comparison of mRNA expression pattern of retinoid and retinoid X nuclear receptor subtypes in thyroid carcinomas, breast cancer and renal carcinomas

Endocrine Abstracts ◽

10.1530/endoabs.37.gp.09.01 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Julius Brtko ◽

Lucia Bialesova ◽

Vladimir Lenko ◽

Stefan Galbavy ◽

Jan Podoba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Expression Pattern ◽

Nuclear Receptor ◽

Receptor Subtypes ◽

Thyroid Carcinomas ◽

Mrna Expression Pattern

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Interactions of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and p53 with miR-195 in Thyroid Carcinoma: Possible Therapeutic Targets in Aggressive Thyroid Cancers

Current Cancer Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1568009618666180628154727 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 561-570 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hamidreza Maroof ◽

Soussan Irani ◽

Armin Arianna ◽

Jelena Vider ◽

Vinod Gopalan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Thyroid Carcinoma ◽

Cell Cycle Progression ◽

P53 Protein ◽

Carcinoma Cells ◽

Vascular Endothelial ◽

Papillary Thyroid ◽

Cycle Progression ◽

Thyroid Carcinomas ◽

Endothelial Growth Factor

Background: The clinical pathological features, as well as the cellular mechanisms of miR-195, have not been investigated in thyroid carcinoma. Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the interactions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), p53 and miR-195 in thyroid carcinoma. The clinical and pathological features of miR-195 were also investigated. Methods: The expression levels of miR-195 were identified in 123 primary thyroid carcinomas, 40 lymph nodes with metastatic papillary thyroid carcinomas and seven non-neoplastic thyroid tissues (controls) as well as two thyroid carcinoma cell lines, B-CPAP (from metastasizing human papillary thyroid carcinoma) and MB-1 (from anaplastic thyroid carcinoma), by the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Using Western blot and immunofluorescence, the effects of exogenous miR-195 on VEGF-A and p53 protein expression levels were examined. Then, cell cycle and apoptosis assays were performed to evaluate the roles of miR-195 in cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Results: The expression of miR-195 was downregulated in majority of the papillary thyroid carcinoma tissue as well as in cells. Introduction of exogenous miR-195 resulted in downregulation of VEGF-A and upregulation of p53 protein expressions. Upregulation of miR-195 in thyroid carcinoma cells resulted in cell cycle arrest. Moreover, we demonstrated that miR-195 inhibits cell cycle progression by induction of apoptosis in the thyroid carcinoma cells. Conclusion: Our findings showed for the first time that miR-195 acts as a tumour suppressor and regulates cell cycle progression and apoptosis by targeting VEGF-A and p53 in thyroid carcinoma. The current study exhibited that miR-195 might represent a potential therapeutic target for patients with thyroid carcinomas having aggressive clinical behaviour.

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Evaluation of E-Cadherin and β-Catenin Immunoreactivity for Determining Undifferentiated Cells in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Pathobiology ◽

10.1159/000516263 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Risa Kanematsu ◽

Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa ◽

Aki Tanaka ◽

Ayana Suzuki ◽

Miyoko Higuchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Membrane ◽

Thyroid Carcinoma ◽

Undifferentiated Carcinoma ◽

Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma ◽

Carcinoma Cells ◽

Membrane Expression ◽

Thyroid Carcinomas ◽

Nuclear Expression ◽

Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 ◽

E Cadherin

Introduction: An immunohistochemical study has occasionally been performed to diagnose anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). However, antibodies to confirm the undifferentiated nature of ATC have not yet been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate E-cadherin and β-catenin expressions in immunoreactivity to determine undifferentiated carcinoma cells in the diagnosis of ATC. Methods: We immunohistochemically examined 29 ATCs, 30 poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs), 22 well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas (WDTCs), and 3 squamous cell carcinomas. Antibodies for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), paired-box gene 8 (PAX8), β-catenin, and E-cadherin were used. Results: All WDTCs tested positive for TTF-1, PAX8, and E-cadherin. The positive rates of TTF-1, PAX8, and E-cadherin were 93.3, 93.3, and 100%, respectively, in PDTCs and 17.2, 51.7, and 10.3%, respectively, in ATCs. WDTC expressed the lateral cell membrane staining for β-catenin and E-cadherin, whereas PDTC showed circumferential cell membranous expression (fishnet pattern). β-catenin cell membrane expression in ATCs is lost or discontinuous. Carcinoma cells with β-catenin nuclear expression without cell membranous expression were scattered in 72.4% of ATCs but were not observed in the other carcinomas. Conclusion: We propose 3 immunohistochemical findings to determine undifferentiated carcinoma cells in the diagnosis of ATC: (1) β-catenin nuclear expression with no or reduced cell membranous expression, (2) the loss or discontinuous pattern of E-cadherin expression, and (3) the loss of PAX8 nuclear expression.

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Synchronous intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma: case report and review of the literature

BMC Endocrine Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12902-021-00724-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nadia De Falco ◽

Giuseppe Santangelo ◽

Fabrizio Chirico ◽

Angelo Cangiano ◽

Maria Giulia Sommella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Thyroid Carcinoma ◽

Papillary Carcinoma ◽

Parathyroid Carcinoma ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Gamma Probe ◽

Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma ◽

Thyroid Carcinomas ◽

First Case ◽

Well Differentiated

Abstract Background Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine malignancy, rarer when synchronous with a non medullary well differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Parathyroid carcinoma accounts of 0.005% of all malignant tumors and it is responsible for less than 1% of primary hyperparathyroidism. The intrathyroidal localization of a parathyroid gland is not frequent with a reported prevalence of 0.2%. Carcinoma of parathyroids with intrathyroidal localization represents an even rarer finding, reported in only 16 cases described in literature. The rare constellation of synchronous parathyroid and thyroid carcinomas has prompted us to report our experience and perform literature review. Case presentation We herein report a case of a 63-years-old man with multinodular goiter and biochemical diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. Total thyroidectomy with radio-guide technique using gamma probe after intraoperative sesta-MIBI administration and intraoperative PTH level was performed. The high radiation levels in the posterior thyroid lobe discovered an intrathyroidal parathyroid. Microscopic examination revealed a parathyroid main cell carcinoma at the posterior thyroidal left basal lobe, a classic papillary carcinoma at the same lobe and follicular variant of papillary carcinoma at the thyroidal right lobe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case documenting a synchronous multicentric non medullary thyroid carcinomas and intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma. Conclusions Our experience was reported and literature review underlining challenging difficulties in diagnostic workup and surgical management was carried out.

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