The North Patagonian Orogen: Meso-Cenozoic Evolution from the Andes to the Foreland Area

This paper introduces a new art style, Singa Transitional, found painted onto a mountainside near the modern town of Singa in the north of Huánuco, Peru. This style was discovered during a recent regional survey of rock art in the Huánuco region that resulted in the documentation of paintings at more than 20 sites, the identification of their chronological contexts and an analysis of the resulting data for trends in changing social practices over nine millennia. I explore how the style emerged from both regional artistic trends in the medium and broader patterns evident in Andean material culture from multiple media at the time of its creation. I argue that the presence of Singa Transitional demonstrates that local peoples were engaged in broader social trends unfolding during the transition between the Early Horizon (800–200 bc) and the Early Intermediate Period (ad 0–800) in Peru. I propose that rock art placed in prominent places was considered saywa, a type of landscape feature that marked boundaries in and movement through landscapes. Singa Transitional saywas served to advertise the connection between local Andean people and their land and was a medium through which social changes were contested in the Andes.

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Distribution, ecology and conservation of an endangered Andean hummingbird: the Violet-throated Metaltail (Metallura baroni)

Bird Conservation International ◽

10.1017/s0959270908007703 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 63-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

BORIS A. TINOCO ◽

PEDRO X. ASTUDILLO ◽

STEVEN C. LATTA ◽

CATHERINE H. GRAHAM

Keyword(s):

Suitable Habitat ◽

Species Occurrence ◽

Entropy Model ◽

Maxent Model ◽

The North ◽

The Andes ◽

Guide Field ◽

South Central ◽

Detailed Assessment ◽

Endangered Status

SummaryThe Violet-throated MetaltailMetallura baroniis a high altitude hummingbird endemic to south-central Ecuador currently considered globally ‘Endangered’. Here we present the first detailed assessment of its distribution, ecology and conservation. We first used a maximum entropy model (Maxent model) to create a predicted distribution for this species based on very limited species occurrence data. We used this model to guide field surveys for the species between April and October 2006. We found a positive relationship between model values and species presence, indicating that the model was a useful tool to predict species occurrence and guide exploration. In the sites where the metaltail was found we gathered data on its habitat requirements, food resources and behaviour. Our results indicate that Violet-throated Metaltail is restricted to the Western Cordillera of the Andes Mountains in Azuay and Cañar provinces of Ecuador, with an area of extent of less than 2,000 km2. Deep river canyons to the north and south, lack of suitable habitat, and potential interspecific competition in the east may limit the bird's distribution. The species occurred in three distinct habitats, includingPolylepiswoodland, the upper edge of the montane forest, and in shrubby paramo, but we found no difference in relative abundance among these habitats. The metaltail seems to tolerate moderate human intervention in its habitats as long as some native brushy cover is maintained. We found thatBrachyotumsp.,Berberissp., andBarnadesiasp. were important nectar resources. The ‘Endangered’ status of this species is supported due to its restricted distribution in fragmented habitats which are under increasing human pressures.

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Obsidian in Southern Ecuador: The Carboncillo Source

Latin American Antiquity ◽

10.7183/1045-6635.22.1.97 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 97-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dennis E. Ogburn

Keyword(s):

Economic Organization ◽

Geochemical Analysis ◽

Long Distance ◽

X Ray ◽

Far North ◽

The North ◽

The Andes ◽

Southern Ecuador ◽

High Level ◽

Northern Highlands

AbstractThe Carboncillo area in the southern highlands of Ecuador is identified as the only confirmed source of archaeological obsidian located in the country outside of the northern highlands and is the first identified in the large gap between the known Ecuadorian and Peruvian sources. With the identification of this source, it can no longer be assumed that all obsidian found in Ecuador came from sources in the northern highlands. Thus the Carboncillo source has significant implications for interpreting patterns of long-distance exchange in the Andes, especially in southern Ecuador and the far north of Peru. A geochemical analysis of the Carboncillo material shows that it can be easily distinguished from the obsidian from other Ecuadorian sources. A provenance study of archaeological obsidian samples from the southern highlands of Ecuador using x-ray fluorescence demonstrates that the Carboncillo obsidian was used at the Preceramic site of Chobshi Cave and at a number of late prehispanic sites in the Saraguro region. The results indicate a high level of sociopolitical and economic isolation in late prehistory, most likely tied to a preoccupation with warfare between neighboring groups, and provide additional evidence that the economic organization of the southern highlands differed markedly from that of the north during this time.

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Indicators of Possible Driving Forces for the Spread of Quechua and Aymara Reflected in the Archaeology of Cuzco

Archaeology and Language in the Andes ◽

10.5871/bacad/9780197265031.003.0010 ◽

2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

GORDON F. McEWAN

Keyword(s):

Cultural History ◽

Driving Force ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Alternative Possibilities ◽

The Past ◽

The North ◽

The Andes ◽

Inca Empire ◽

Culture History ◽

History Of

Linguistic studies have shown that the traditional idea that the expansion of the Inca Empire was the driving force behind the spread of all Quechua cannot be correct. Across much of its distribution, Quechua has far greater time-depth than can be accounted for by the short-lived Inca Empire. Linguistics likewise suggests that Aymara spread not from the south into Cuzco in the late Pre-Inca period, but also from an origin to the north. Alternative explanations must be sought for the expansion of these language families in the culture history of the Andes. Archaeological studies over the past two decades now provide a broad, generally agreed-upon outline of the cultural history of the Cuzco region. This chapter applies those findings to examine alternative possibilities for the driving forces that spread Quechua and Aymara, offering a clearer cross-disciplinary view of Andean prehistory.

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The country rocks of Devonian magmatism in the North Patagonian Massif and Chaitenia

Andean geology ◽

10.5027/andgeov45n3-3117 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 301 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Francisco Hervé ◽

Mauricio Calderón ◽

Mark Fanning ◽

Robert Pankhurst ◽

Carlos W. Rapela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metamorphic Grade ◽

Oceanic Island ◽

Detrital Zircons ◽

Island Arc ◽

Ultramafic Rocks ◽

The West ◽

Metasedimentary Rocks ◽

The North ◽

The Andes ◽

Late Neoproterozoic

Previous work has shown that Devonian magmatism in the southern Andes occurred in two contemporaneous belts: one emplaced in the continental crust of the North Patagonian Massif and the other in an oceanic island arc terrane to the west, Chaitenia, which was later accreted to Patagonia. The country rocks of the plutonic rocks consist of metasedimentary complexes which crop out sporadically in the Andes on both sides of the Argentina-Chile border, and additionally of pillow metabasalts for Chaitenia. Detrital zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age determinations in 13 samples of these rocks indicate maximum possible depositional ages from ca. 370 to 900 Ma, and the case is argued for mostly Devonian sedimentation as for the fossiliferous Buill slates. Ordovician, Cambrian-late Neoproterozoic and “Grenville-age” provenance is seen throughout, except for the most westerly outcrops where Devonian detrital zircons predominate. Besides a difference in the Precambrian zircon grains, 76% versus 25% respectively, there is no systematic variation in provenance from the Patagonian foreland to Chaitenia, so that the island arc terrane must have been proximal to the continent: its deeper crust is not exposed but several outcrops of ultramafic rocks are known. Zircons with devonian metamorphic rims in rocks from the North Patagonian Massif have no counterpart in the low metamorphic grade Chilean rocks. These Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks were also intruded by Pennsylvanian and Jurassic granitoids.

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New and noteworthy Melastomataceae from the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park and surrounding areas in Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.374.3.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 374 (3) ◽

pp. 185 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

FABIÁN A. MICHELANGELI ◽

RENATO GOLDENBERG

Keyword(s):

National Park ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Nodal Line ◽

Abaxial Surface ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

The Andes ◽

Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽

Surrounding Areas ◽

Sclerophyllous Forests

We describe six new species of Melastomataceae from the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park and surrounding areas from the Department of Pasco, Province of Oxapampa in Central Peru. Macrocentrum andinum is the first species of the genus described from the Andes, found along creeks at 400–500 m elev. and characterized by its anysophyllous leaves, pubescent stems and four-merous flowers. Meriania rubriflora is found in forests above 2200 m elev. and it is characterized by stem nodes with stipular flaps, leaves with an acute base and four merous, deep red flowers. Miconia palcazuana is found along rivers and streams at 300–400 m on the eastern flank of the park, and it can be distinguished by its flowers with pink anthers with glands on the connective and narrowly oblanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate leaves. Miconia yanachagaensis grows in the dwarf-sclerophyllous forests at the top of ridges and grasslands over 2800 m elev. and it is characterized by its long dendritic-pedicellate trichomes on the abaxial leaf surface, the stems flattened to terete and the presence of a conspicuous annular nodal line. Triolena rojasae is found growing on rocks along the Palcazú River and its tributaries, and it is characterized by its lanceolate-crenate leaves. Triolena vasquezii grows on the northern end of the Huancabamba canyon and the North East portion of the park and can be distinguished by its pustulate leaves with purple abaxial surface and anthers with two ventral appendages. We also present the first report of the genus Wurdastom for Peru.

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Effects of aspect and type of competition on the early performance of Nothofagus dombeyi and Nothofagus nervosa in a mixed plantation

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x11-019 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (5) ◽

pp. 1075-1081 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Pablo J. Donoso ◽

Ariel A. Muñoz ◽

Oscar Thiers ◽

Daniel P. Soto ◽

Claudio Donoso

Keyword(s):

The North ◽

The Andes ◽

Mixed Plantations ◽

Good Site ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Mixed Plantation ◽

Early Performance ◽

Nothofagus Dombeyi ◽

Nothofagus Nervosa ◽

Ecological Differences

In the Andes of Chile, two valuable Nothofagus tree species coexist (Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. and Nothofagus nervosa (Phil.) Krasser). They could provide an opportunity for mixed plantations because of their ecological differences. In a mixed plantation with a checkerboard design on a good site where the two species naturally coexist, we evaluated their performance according to aspect and type of competition. Nothofagus dombeyi had a greater survivorship (90% vs. 65%) and growth (twice in diameter and 20% greater in height). Forking was significantly lower in N. nervosa (23% vs. 70%). Aspect did not significantly affect the performance of N. dombeyi. The north aspect had a significant negative effect on survivorship of N. nervosa, but aspect did not significantly affect growth or forking of this species. The aspect – type of competition interaction was only significant for N. nervosa in diameter and marginally significant in height. The checkerboard design allowed for a clear separation of interspecific and intraspecific competition in this mixed plantation. Interspecific competition favored growth of N. nervosa on the north aspect (facilitation) and was detrimental to N. nervosa on the south aspect (competition). These results have a direct application when planting mixtures of species of complementary ecological characteristics that can increase the value of the plantation.

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Hazard assessment of landslide-prone areas on highly weathered dunite rock in Bello Oriente, Medellín, Colombia (Project Inform@Risk)

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-5582 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tamara Breuninger ◽

Moritz Gamperl ◽

Kurosch Thuro

Keyword(s):

Early Warning ◽

Early Warning System ◽

Warning System ◽

Informal Settlements ◽

The North ◽

The Andes ◽

North Eastern ◽

Landslide Early Warning ◽

Steep Slopes ◽

The City

The project Inform@Risk, a collaboration of German and Colombian Universities and Institutes funded by the German government, aims to install a landslide early warning system in the informal settlements in Medell&#237;n, Colombia. In the recent past the city has suffered from multiple landslides, some of them with up to 500 casualties. The informal settlements in the steep slopes at the city borders grow rapidly, which destabilizes the ground and complicates the installation and operation of an early warning system. Therefore, key goal of the project is to include the community in the process of the development of the early warning system.Medell&#237;n is embedded in the Aburr&#225; Valley in the Cordillera Central of the Andes. The region around the city consists of different triassic and cretaceous metamorphic rocks and magmatic batholites and plutonites. Especially the north-eastern slope is prone to landslides, as it is very steep and made up of a deep cover of soil over highly weathered dunite rock.During the first field trip, carried out in August 2019, former landslide areas were located, and ERT-measurements were conducted at the study site Bello Oriente in the northeast of Medell&#237;n. After a first evaluation of the findings, the soil cover seems to be over 50&#160;m high in the middle of the slope, which indicates a deep-seated landslide, that might have been moving downhill very slowly for thousands of years. The more dangerous landslides however, which are much faster, are the shallow ones on the surface. These landslides can appear on top of each other and are distributed across the whole study area but are most concentrated between and above the last houses of the barrio. During a second field campaign in 2020, the ERT-profiles will be calibrated and complemented by drillings and the hazard map will be completed accordingly.

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Aerial Rivers and Lakes: Looking at Large-Scale Moisture Transport and Its Relation to Amazonia and to Subtropical Rainfall in South America

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/2011jcli4189.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 543-556 ◽

Cited By ~ 70

Author(s):

Josefina Moraes Arraut ◽

Carlos Nobre ◽

Henrique M. J. Barbosa ◽

Guillermo Obregon ◽

José Marengo

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Moisture Transport ◽

Large Scale ◽

Precipitable Water ◽

Trade Wind ◽

Strong Increase ◽

The North ◽

The Andes ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

Southern Amazonia

Abstract This is an observational study of the large-scale moisture transport over South America, with some analyses on its relation to subtropical rainfall. The concept of aerial rivers is proposed as a framework: it is an analogy between the main pathways of moisture flow in the atmosphere and surface rivers. Opposite to surface rivers, aerial rivers gain (lose) water through evaporation (precipitation). The magnitude of the vertically integrated moisture transport is discharge, and precipitable water is like the mass of the liquid column—multiplied by an equivalent speed it gives discharge. Trade wind flow into Amazonia, and the north/northwesterly flow to the subtropics, east of the Andes, are aerial rivers. Aerial lakes are the sections of a moisture pathway where the flow slows down and broadens, because of diffluence, and becomes deeper, with higher precipitable water. This is the case over Amazonia, downstream of the trade wind confluence. In the dry season, moisture from the aerial lake is transported northeastward, but weaker flow over southern Amazonia heads southward toward the subtropics. Southern Amazonia appears as a source of moisture to this flow. Aerial river discharge to the subtropics is comparable to that of the Amazon River. The variations of the amount of moisture coming from Amazonia have an important effect over the variability of discharge. Correlations between the flow from Amazonia and subtropical rainfall are not strong. However, some months within the set of dry seasons observed showed a strong increase (decrease) occurring together with an important increase (decrease) in subtropical rainfall.

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Diverging Water Ages Inferred From Hydrodynamics, Hydrochemical and Isotopic Tracers in a Tropical Andean Volcano-Sedimentary Confined Aquifer System

Frontiers in Water ◽

10.3389/frwa.2021.597641 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

Carla Manciati ◽

Jean Denis Taupin ◽

Nicolas Patris ◽

Christian Leduc ◽

Corinne Casiot

Keyword(s):

Apparent Contradiction ◽

Isotopic Tracers ◽

Aquifer System ◽

Volcanic Material ◽

The North ◽

The Andes ◽

Great Heterogeneity ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Sedimentary Aquifer ◽

Primary Porosity

Hydrogeology in the Andes cordillera reflects its complex geological history. In most cases, groundwater flows through fractures and faults that compartmentalize the volcanic material, and through the primary porosity of the volcano-sedimentary material. The volcanic mineral context and geothermal environment mark the groundwater chemistry, especially in the high concentrations of specific trace elements. This study focuses on the complex system of the Tumbaco – Cumbayá – Los Chillos aquifer, in the vicinity of the Ilaló volcano near Quito (Ecuador). Hydrodynamic, geochemical and isotopic tools were used to assess the chemical characteristics of water and its origin, identify the recharge areas, and estimate the transit time of water using simple methods and scarce data. Results revealed two distinct aquifers, one in the volcanic cone located in the center of the study area, and the other in the volcano-sedimentary series of the Tumbaco – Cumbayá – Los Chillos valley. The volcanic aquifer is characterized by a high mineralization, a recharge zone between 2400 m asl and 3100 m asl, and radiocarbon concentrations lower than 20 pmc. The volcano-sedimentary aquifer seems to behave as a partly disconnected system, between the north and the south of Ilaló volcano, and also with a great heterogeneity, maybe due to the presence of lenses of volcanic ash. It has an intermediate mineralization, a mean recharge zone between 2,300 and 2,700 m asl, and 14C activities between 45.4 and 87.4 pmc in apparent contradiction with the hydrodynamic mass balance.

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