Global Water Scarcity and Possible Conflicts

2017 ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Anja du Plessis
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Global Water

scholarly journals Integrated assessment of global water scarcity over the 21st century under multiple climate change mitigation policies

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2859-2883 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Hejazi ◽  
J. Edmonds ◽  
L. Clarke ◽  
P. Kyle ◽  
E. Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Global Water ◽  
Mitigation Policies

Abstract. Water scarcity conditions over the 21st century both globally and regionally are assessed in the context of climate change and climate mitigation policies, by estimating both water availability and water demand within the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), a leading community-integrated assessment model of energy, agriculture, climate, and water. To quantify changes in future water availability, a new gridded water-balance global hydrologic model – namely, the Global Water Availability Model (GWAM) – is developed and evaluated. Global water demands for six major demand sectors (irrigation, livestock, domestic, electricity generation, primary energy production, and manufacturing) are modeled in GCAM at the regional scale (14 geopolitical regions, 151 sub-regions) and then spatially downscaled to 0.5° × 0.5° resolution to match the scale of GWAM. Using a baseline scenario (i.e., no climate change mitigation policy) with radiative forcing reaching 8.8 W m−2 (equivalent to the SRES A1Fi emission scenario) and three climate policy scenarios with increasing mitigation stringency of 7.7, 5.5, and 4.2 W m−2 (equivalent to the SRES A2, B2, and B1 emission scenarios, respectively), we investigate the effects of emission mitigation policies on water scarcity. Two carbon tax regimes (a universal carbon tax (UCT) which includes land use change emissions, and a fossil fuel and industrial emissions carbon tax (FFICT) which excludes land use change emissions) are analyzed. The baseline scenario results in more than half of the world population living under extreme water scarcity by the end of the 21st century. Additionally, in years 2050 and 2095, 36% (28%) and 44% (39%) of the global population, respectively, is projected to live in grid cells (in basins) that will experience greater water demands than the amount of available water in a year (i.e., the water scarcity index (WSI) > 1.0). When comparing the climate policy scenarios to the baseline scenario while maintaining the same baseline socioeconomic assumptions, water scarcity declines under a UCT mitigation policy but increases with a FFICT mitigation scenario by the year 2095, particularly with more stringent climate mitigation targets. Under the FFICT scenario, water scarcity is projected to increase, driven by higher water demands for bio-energy crops.

Progress in marine derived renewable functional materials and biochar for sustainable water purification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Manohara ◽  
Sooraj S Nayak ◽  
Gregory Franklin ◽  
Sanna Kotrappanavar Nataraj ◽  
Dibyendu Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Inorganic Contaminants ◽  
Population Explosion ◽  
Rapid Industrialization ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
Global Water

Global water scarcity is increasing day-by-day due to population explosion, urbanization and rapid industrialization. Inevitably, surface water is widely contaminated by various hazardous geogenic organic and inorganic contaminants, also from...

Global water scarcity assessment incorporating green water in crop production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfeng Liu ◽  
Xingcai Liu ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Yoshihide Wada
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Global Water

Global Water Scarcity in Relation to the International Energy Trade of Thailand

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Okadera ◽  
Winai Chaowiwat ◽  
Surajate Boonya-aroonnet ◽  
Danutawat Tipayarom ◽  
Wilasinee Yoochatchaval
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Energy Trade ◽  
Global Water

scholarly journals A global water scarcity assessment under Shared Socio-economic Pathways – Part 2: Water availability and scarcity

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2393-2413 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Hanasaki ◽  
S. Fujimori ◽  
T. Yamamoto ◽  
S. Yoshikawa ◽  
Y. Masaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Global Water

Abstract. A global water scarcity assessment for the 21st century was conducted under the latest socio-economic scenario for global change studies, namely Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs). SSPs depict five global situations with substantially different socio-economic conditions. In the accompanying paper, a water use scenario compatible with the SSPs was developed. This scenario considers not only quantitative socio-economic factors such as population and electricity production but also qualitative ones such as the degree of technological change and overall environmental consciousness. In this paper, water availability and water scarcity were assessed using a global hydrological model called H08. H08 simulates both the natural water cycle and major human activities such as water abstraction and reservoir operation. It simulates water availability and use at daily time intervals at a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5°. A series of global hydrological simulations were conducted under the SSPs, taking into account different climate policy options and the results of climate models. Water scarcity was assessed using an index termed the Cumulative Abstraction to Demand ratio, which is expressed as the accumulation of daily water abstraction from a river divided by the daily consumption-based potential water demand. This index can be used to express whether renewable water resources are available from rivers when required. The results suggested that by 2071–2100 the population living under severely water-stressed conditions for SSP1-5 will reach 2588–2793 × 106 (39–42% of total population), 3966–4298 × 106 (46–50%), 5334–5643 × 106 (52–55%), 3427–3786 × 106 (40–45%), 3164–3379 × 106 (46–49%) respectively, if climate policies are not adopted. Even in SSP1 (the scenario with least change in water use and climate) global water scarcity increases considerably, as compared to the present-day. This is mainly due to the growth in population and economic activity in developing countries, and partly due to hydrological changes induced by global warming.

scholarly journals A global water scarcity assessment under shared socio-economic pathways – Part 1: Water use

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 13879-13932 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Hanasaki ◽  
S. Fujimori ◽  
T. Yamamoto ◽  
S. Yoshikawa ◽  
Y. Masaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Climate Modeling ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Industrial Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Global Water

Abstract. A novel global water scarcity assessment for the 21st century is presented in a two-part paper. In this first paper, water use scenarios are presented for the latest global hydrological models. The scenarios are compatible with the socio-economic scenarios of the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs), which are a part of the latest set of scenarios on global change developed by the integrated assessment, IAV (climate change impact, adaptation, and vulnerability assessment), and climate modeling community. The SSPs depict five global situations based on substantially different socio-economic conditions during the 21st century. Water use scenarios were developed to reflect the key concepts underpinning each situation. Each scenario consists of five factors: irrigation area, crop intensity, irrigation efficiency, industrial water withdrawal, and municipal water withdrawal. The first three factors are used to estimate agricultural water withdrawal. All factors were developed using simple models based on a literature review and analysis of historical records. The factors are grid-based at a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° and cover the whole 21st century at 5-yr intervals. Each factor displays a wide variation among the different global situations depicted: the irrigation area in 2085 varies between 270 and 450 km2, industrial water between 246 and 1714 km3 yr−1, and domestic water withdrawal between 573 and 1280 km3 yr−1. The water use scenarios can be used for global water scarcity assessments by identifying the regions vulnerable to water scarcity and analyzing the timing and magnitude of scarcity conditions.

scholarly journals Integrated assessment of global water scarcity over the 21st century – Part 1: Global water supply and demand under extreme radiative forcing

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 3327-3381 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Hejazi ◽  
J. Edmonds ◽  
L. Clarke ◽  
P. Kyle ◽  
E. Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Integrated Assessment ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Global Water

Abstract. Water scarcity conditions over the 21st century both globally and regionally are assessed in the context of climate change, by estimating both water availability and water demand within the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), a leading community integrated assessment model of energy, agriculture, climate, and water. To quantify changes in future water availability, a new gridded water-balance global hydrologic model – namely, the Global Water Availability Model (GWAM) – is developed and evaluated. Global water demands for six major demand sectors (irrigation, livestock, domestic, electricity generation, primary energy production, and manufacturing) are modeled in GCAM at the regional scale (14 geopolitical regions, 151 sub-regions) and then spatially downscaled to 0.5° × 0.5° resolution to match the scale of GWAM. Using a baseline scenario (i.e., no climate change mitigation policy) with radiative forcing reaching 8.8 W m−2 (equivalent to the SRES A1Fi emission scenario) and a global population of 14 billion by 2095, global annual water demand grows from about 9–10% of total annual renewable freshwater in 2005 to about 32–37% by 2095. This results in more than half of the world population living under extreme water scarcity by the end of the 21st century. Regionally, the demand for water exceeds the amount of water availability in two GCAM regions, the Middle East and India. Additionally, in years 2050 and 2095 36% (28%) and 44% (39%) of the global population, respectively is projected to live in grid cells (in basins) that will experience greater water demands than the amount of available water in a year (i.e., the water scarcity index (WSI) > 1.0). This study implies an increasingly prominent role for water in future human decisions, and highlights the importance of including water in integrated assessment of global change.

scholarly journals Global water scarcity including surface water quality and expansions of clean water technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 024020
Author(s):  
Michelle T H van Vliet ◽  
Edward R Jones ◽  
Martina Flörke ◽  
Wietse H P Franssen ◽  
Naota Hanasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Global Water

scholarly journals Metal-free functionalized carbonized cotton for efficient solar steam generation and wastewater treatment

RSC Advances ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1043-1050
Author(s):  
Hiran D. Kiriarachchi ◽  
Amr A. Hassan ◽  
Fathi S. Awad ◽  
M. Samy El-Shall
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Steam Generation ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
Solar Steam Generation ◽  
Global Water

Water desalination via solar steam generation is one of the most important technologies to address the increasingly pressing global water scarcity.

scholarly journals A global water scarcity assessment under Shared Socio-economic Pathways – Part 1: Water use

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2375-2391 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Hanasaki ◽  
S. Fujimori ◽  
T. Yamamoto ◽  
S. Yoshikawa ◽  
Y. Masaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Climate Modeling ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Global Water

Abstract. A novel global water scarcity assessment for the 21st century is presented in a two-part paper. In this first paper, water use scenarios are presented for the latest global hydrological models. The scenarios are compatible with the socio-economic scenarios of the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs), which are a part of the latest set of scenarios on global change developed by the integrated assessment, the IAV (climate change impact, adaptation, and vulnerability assessment), and the climate modeling community. The SSPs depict five global situations based on substantially different socio-economic conditions during the 21st century. Water use scenarios were developed to reflect not only quantitative socio-economic factors, such as population and electricity production, but also key qualitative concepts such as the degree of technological change and overall environmental consciousness. Each scenario consists of five factors: irrigated area, crop intensity, irrigation efficiency, and withdrawal-based potential industrial and municipal water demands. The first three factors are used to estimate the potential irrigation water demand. All factors were developed using simple models based on a literature review and analysis of historical records. The factors are grid-based at a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° and cover the whole 21st century in five-year intervals. Each factor shows wide variation among the different global situations depicted: the irrigated area in 2085 varies between 2.7 × 106 and 4.5 × 106 km2, withdrawal-based potential industrial water demand between 246 and 1714 km3 yr−1, and municipal water between 573 and 1280 km3 yr−1. The water use scenarios can be used for global water scarcity assessments that identify the regions vulnerable to water scarcity and analyze the timing and magnitude of scarcity conditions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document