Pathological Reaction Pattern Approach to Biopsies of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Oesophagus/Stomach/Small Intestine/Large Intestine

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-22
Author(s):  
Ian Brown ◽  
M. Priyanthi Kumarasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Reaction Pattern ◽  
Pattern Approach ◽  
Pathological Reaction

Pyrosequencing-based analysis of the complex microbiota located in the gastrointestinal tracts of growing-finishing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 870 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wang ◽  
Y. Han ◽  
J. Z. Zhao ◽  
Z. J. Zhou ◽  
H. Fan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Colon And Rectum

The commensal gut microbial communities play an important role in the health and production efficiency of growing-finishing pigs. This study aimed to analyse the composition and diversity of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract sections (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon and rectum) of growing-finishing pigs. This analysis was assessed using 454 pyrosequencing targeting the V3–V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Samples were collected from 20, healthy pigs aged 24 weeks and weighing 115.9 ± 5.4 kg. The dominant bacterial phyla in the various gastrointestinal tract sections were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, Prevotella, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus, unclassified Ruminococcaceae and Oscillospira were more abundant in the large intestine than in the stomach and the small intestine. Unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae and Corynebacterium were more abundant in the small intestine than in the stomach and the large intestine. Shuttleworthia, unclassified Veillonellaceae and Mitsuokella were more abundant in the stomach than in the small and large intestines. At the species level, M. el.s.d.enii and M. multacida were predominant in the stomach. In addition, P. stercorea, P. copri, C. butyricum, R. flavefaciens and R. bromii were significantly more abundant in the large intestine than in the stomach and the small intestine. B. pseudolongum and B. thermacidophilum were significantly more abundant in the small intestine than in the stomach and the large intestine. Principal coordinates analysis showed that the overall composition of the pig gastrointestinal microbiota could be clustered into three groups: stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and large intestine (caecum, colon and rectum). Venn diagrams illustrated the distribution of shared and specific operational taxonomic units among the various gastrointestinal tract sections.

Gastrointestinal physiology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Gastrointestinal Physiology

This chapter describes gastrointestinal physiology as it applies to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of the functional anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, saliva, swallowing, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and large intestine. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.

scholarly journals Chlamydia Deficient in Plasmid-Encoded pGP3 Is Prevented from Spreading to Large Intestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Huo ◽  
Conghui He ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Tianjun Jia ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Oral Inoculation ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Gastric Barrier ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Do So ◽  
Live Organism

ABSTRACT The cryptic plasmid pCM is critical for chlamydial colonization in the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, orally inoculated plasmid-free Chlamydia sp. was still able to colonize the gut. Surprisingly, orally inoculated Chlamydia sp. deficient in only plasmid-encoded pGP3 was no longer able to colonize the gut. A comparison of live organism recoveries from individual gastrointestinal tissues revealed that pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. survived significantly better than plasmid-free Chlamydia sp. in small intestinal tissues. However, the small intestinal pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. failed to reach the large intestine, explaining the lack of live pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. in rectal swabs following an oral inoculation. Interestingly, pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. was able to colonize the colon following an intracolon inoculation, suggesting that pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. might be prevented from spreading from the small intestine to the large intestine. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that following an intrajejunal inoculation that bypasses the gastric barrier, pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. still failed to reach the large intestine, although similarly inoculated plasmid-free Chlamydia sp. was able to do so. Interestingly, when both types of organisms were intrajejunally coinoculated into the same mouse small intestine, plasmid-free Chlamydia sp. was no longer able to spread to the large intestine, suggesting that pGP3-deficient Chlamydia sp. might be able to activate an intestinal resistance for regulating Chlamydia sp. spreading. Thus, the current study has not only provided evidence for reconciling a previously identified conflicting phenotype but also revealed a potential intestinal resistance to chlamydial spreading. Efforts are under way to further define the mechanism of the putative intestinal resistance.

scholarly journals Expression of extracellular glutathione peroxidase in human and mouse gastrointestinal tract

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (6) ◽  
pp. G1463-G1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris M. Tham ◽  
John C. Whitin ◽  
Kenneth K. Kim ◽  
Shirley X. Zhu ◽  
Harvey J. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Extracellular Milieu ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Intestinal Protein ◽  
Human Large Intestine ◽  
Human And Mouse

Extracellular glutathione peroxidase (EGPx) is a glycosylated selenoprotein capable of reducing hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides, free fatty acid hydroperoxides, and phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides. We found that human large intestinal explant cultures synthesize EGPx and cellular glutathione peroxidase (CGPx) and secrete EGPx. The level of EGPx mRNA expression relative to α-tubulin was similar throughout the mouse gastrointestinal tract. EGPx mRNA transcripts have been localized to mature absorptive epithelial cells in human and mouse large intestine. Western blot analysis of mouse intestinal protein has demonstrated the presence of EGPx protein in the small intestine, cecum, and large intestine, with the highest protein levels found in the cecum. Immunohistochemistry studies of human large intestine and mouse small and large intestine sections demonstrated the presence of EGPx protein within mature absorptive epithelial cells. In human large intestine and mouse small intestine, EGPx protein is also present in the extracellular milieu. These results suggest a role for EGPx in protection of the intestinal tract from peroxidative damage and/or in intercellular metabolism of peroxides.

scholarly journals Digesta transit in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract of pigs as affected by insoluble fibre supplied by wheat bran

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Wilfart ◽  
Lucile Montagne ◽  
Howard Simmins ◽  
Jean Noblet ◽  
Jaap van Milgen
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Insoluble Fibre

Digestibility is the result of two competing processes: digestion and digesta transit. To develop or parameterise mechanistic models of digestion, both processes have to be quantified. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of insoluble dietary fibre on the transit in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Six barrows (33 kg initial body weight and fitted with two simple T-cannulas at the proximal duodenum and distal ileum) were used in a double 3 × 3 Latin square design. Pigs were offered diets differing in total dietary fibre content (170, 220 and 270 g/kg DM) at 4 h intervals. A single meal marked with YbO2and Cr-EDTA was used to determine the kinetics of markers concentrations of the solid and liquid phases, respectively. The mean retention time (MRT), calculated by the method of the moments, averaged 1, 4 and 38 h in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine, respectively. Increasing the insoluble fibre content in the diet had no effect on MRT in the stomach and decreased the MRT of both phases in the small intestine (P < 0·05). In the large intestine, increasing the insoluble fibre content decreased the MRT of the liquid phase (P = 0·02) and tended to decrease the MRT of the solid phase (P = 0·06). Transit of the solid phase in the large intestine was 4–8 h slower than transit of the liquid phase. Analysis of marker excretion curves indicated that the small and large intestine should be represented mathematically to have both a tubular (propulsion) and compartmental (mixing) structure.

Comparative gross morphology of the digestive tract in ten Didelphidae marsupial species

Mammalia ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.T. Santori ◽  
D. Astua De Moraes ◽  
Rui Cerqueira
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Marsupial Species

Natural diets of Didelphidae species vary in the amounts of invertebrates, fruits and small vertebrates eaten. We investigated the digestive morphology of ten species of didelphid marsupials varying in food habits. The purpose was to describe and to compare the shape and relative size of the digestive tract portions among species studied and relate them to food habits. The form of the gastrointestinal tract in this family is simple, with a unilocular stomach, small intestine, large intestine and caecum.

scholarly journals A Metabolomic-Based Evaluation of the Role of Commensal Microbiota throughout the Gastrointestinal Tract in Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Yamamoto ◽  
Yumiko Nakanishi ◽  
Shinnosuke Murakami ◽  
Wanping Aw ◽  
Tomoya Tsukimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbes ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

Commensal microbiota colonize the surface of our bodies. The inside of the gastrointestinal tract is one such surface that provides a habitat for them. The gastrointestinal tract is a long organ system comprising of various parts, and each part possesses various functions. It has been reported that the composition of intestinal luminal metabolites between the small and large intestine are different; however, comprehensive metabolomic and commensal microbiota profiles specific to each part of the gastrointestinal lumen remain obscure. In this study, by using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS)-based metabolome and 16S rRNA gene-based microbiome analyses of specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) murine gastrointestinal luminal profiles, we observed the different roles of commensal microbiota in each part of the gastrointestinal tract involved in carbohydrate metabolism and nutrient production. We found that the concentrations of most amino acids in the SPF small intestine were higher than those in the GF small intestine. Furthermore, sugar alcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol accumulated only in the GF large intestine, but not in the SPF large intestine. On the other hand, pentoses, such as arabinose and xylose, gradually accumulated from the cecum to the colon only in SPF mice, but were undetected in GF mice. Correlation network analysis between the gastrointestinal microbes and metabolites showed that niacin metabolism might be correlated to Methylobacteriaceae. Collectively, commensal microbiota partially affects the gastrointestinal luminal metabolite composition based on their metabolic dynamics, in cooperation with host digestion and absorption.

Gastrointestinal physiology

2011 ◽  
pp. 287-308
Author(s):  
Dr Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Gastrointestinal Physiology

4.1 Functional anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract - outline of structure, 288 4.2 Saliva, 289 4.3 Swallowing (deglutition), 292 4.4 Stomach, 293 4.5 Small intestine, 297 4.6 Pancreas, 300 4.7 Liver, 302 4.8 Gallbladder, 305 4.9 Large intestine, 306 • The gastrointestinal tract has a fairly consistent general structure that is arranged into 4 concentric layers (see Figure ...

Effect of konjac glucomannan on metabolites in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine of constipated mice and the prediction of KEGG pathway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Dian Zhong ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Ren ◽  
Zi-Kuan Meng ◽  
Ronald Bruce Pegg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Kegg Pathway ◽  
Konjac Glucomannan

The occurrence of constipation involves the whole gastrointestinal tract. Konjac glucomannan (KGM), has been clinically proven to alleviate constipation, but its mechanism was not fully understood. The present study aimed...

Quantification of energy expenditures of the gastrointestinal tract of steers fed three diets at two levels of intake

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Kelly ◽  
T. Mutsvangwa ◽  
L. P. Milligan ◽  
D. R. Waldo ◽  
B. W. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dietary Composition ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
High Level

Forty eight yearling Holstein steers [257 ± 7.7 kg body weight (BW)] were fed switchgrass hay plus 10% soybean meal (diet S), orchard grass silage (diet O) and alfalfa silage (diet A) at 65 or 90 g DM kg–0.75 BW for 155 to 164 d in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment designed to evaluate the effects of dietary composition and level of feed intake on patterns of O2 consumption in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tissues. At the end of the growth period, steers were stunned, exsanguinated and eviscerated. The various GIT components were then emptied of their contents and weighed. Ventral sac rumen, jejunal and large intestinal tissue samples were quickly acquired and placed in oxygenated M199 media. Mucosa and muscularis weights of these tissues were determined along with their total O2(TO2), ouabain-sensitive O2 (OSO2) and ouabain-insensitive O2 (OIO2) consumption. Oxygen consumption parameters were determined polarographically using a YSI Clark-style electrode. Total weights of rumen (P < 0.001), small intestine (P < 0.001) and large intestine (P < 0.05) were higher in steers fed the high level of intake compared to those fed the low level of feed intake. In all GIT tissues studied, increasing the level of feed intake (P <0.05) elevated mucosa and muscularis dry weights. Steers fed diet S had lower (P < 0.05) GIT tissue weights compared to those fed diets O and A. Weight-specific (i.e., expressed per unit tissue weight) TO2, OSO2 and OIO2 consumption for rumen, small intestine and large intestine were not affected by dietary composition and level of feed intake (P > 0.05), except for OSO2 consumption, which was higher (P < 0.05) in ruminal mucosa of steers fed diets S and A compared to those fed diet O. It is concluded that level of feed intake and dietary composition altered GIT O2 consumption via changes in visceral organ mass, rather than changes in weight-specific O2 consumption. Key words: Na+, K+-ATPase, gastrointestinal tract, Holstein steers

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document