The main focus of this paper is on the experimental investigation and comparison between different bridging laws. For mode II fracture in the presence of nano-particles, these laws are calculated from three data reduction schemes for describing the bridging zone and trapezoidal traction–separation law parameters. For the calculation of the energy release rate in mode II fracture, three corresponding data reduction schemes, compliance calibration method, corrected beam theory and compliance-based beam method, have been utilized for different percentages of nano-particles in the adhesives and the adherents.
Experimental investigation of compression ignition engine fueled with Biobutanol and upgraded waste engine oil for performance