Mechanisms of Settlement Evolution: Cultural Learning and the Creation of Social Institutions

We propose that the crucial difference between human cognition and that of other species is the ability to participate with others in collaborative activities with shared goals and intentions: shared intentionality. Participation in such activities requires not only especially powerful forms of intention reading and cultural learning, but also a unique motivation to share psychological states with others and unique forms of cognitive representation for doing so. The result of participating in these activities is species-unique forms of cultural cognition and evolution, enabling everything from the creation and use of linguistic symbols to the construction of social norms and individual beliefs to the establishment of social institutions. In support of this proposal we argue and present evidence that great apes (and some children with autism) understand the basics of intentional action, but they still do not participate in activities involving joint intentions and attention (shared intentionality). Human children's skills of shared intentionality develop gradually during the first 14 months of life as two ontogenetic pathways intertwine: (1) the general ape line of understanding others as animate, goal-directed, and intentional agents; and (2) a species-unique motivation to share emotions, experience, and activities with other persons. The developmental outcome is children's ability to construct dialogic cognitive representations, which enable them to participate in earnest in the collectivity that is human cognition.

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Chaplaincy Institute in Ukraine and EU countries

Journal of Education Culture and Society ◽

10.15503/jecs2020.1.50.58 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 50-58

Author(s):

Iuliia Kryvenko ◽

Oleksandr Omelchuk ◽

Iuliia Chernovaliuk

Keyword(s):

Military Service ◽

Level Structure ◽

Social Institutions ◽

Armed Forces ◽

State Regulation ◽

European Countries ◽

Cultural Tradition ◽

Eu Countries ◽

The Creation ◽

Military Chaplaincy

Aim. The aim of the article is devoted to the research of chaplaincy institutes in Ukraine, taking into account the experience of EU countries. Concept. During the study determined, that the interaction between military service and religion is based on a universal socio-cultural tradition, has a complex, multi-level structure, covering the whole socio-institutional level (society - social institutions - social organizations of the individual) and leads to the creation of a specific social structure - military-religious institute the institute of military chaplaincy. Conclusions. It is found that there are no historical analogies in the world for the creation of a military chaplaincy institute under such conditions, which makes the present Ukraine experience unique, but to this day the issue of state regulation in the field of pastoral care of military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the creation of a military chaplaincy institute remains unregulated. In contrast to Ukraine, the legal support for the existence of an institute of military chaplaincy in Poland is provided by the relevant state normative-legal acts and by-church documents. Most European countries have the opportunity to serve for both military and civilian chaplains. Due to the analysis of legal acts and experience of European countries it should be determined that Ukraine chooses the "European" model of chaplaincy. The article also identifies the positive aspects of the organizational experience of military chaplaincy as to possible borrowing for Ukraine. The notion of a chaplain-volunteer is typical of Ukrainian legislation.

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Social adaptation of elderly persons in long-term care facilities

Social'naja politika i social'noe partnerstvo (Social Policy and Social Partnership) ◽

10.33920/pol-01-2101-09 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 54-57

Author(s):

Olga Nikolaevna Startseva

Keyword(s):

Elderly People ◽

Long Term Care ◽

Social Institutions ◽

Social Adaptation ◽

Elderly Persons ◽

Term Care ◽

The Social ◽

Care Facilities ◽

The Creation

The article presents modern approaches to the social adaptation of elderly people in inpatient social institutions as part of the creation of a long-term care system.

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A normative approach to the criminalisation of cartel activity

Legal Studies ◽

10.1111/j.1748-121x.2011.00226.x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 369-395 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bruce Wardhaugh

Keyword(s):

Consumer Surplus ◽

Hard Core ◽

Social Institutions ◽

Well Being ◽

Individual Choice ◽

Liberal Society ◽

Veil Of Ignorance ◽

Welfare Losses ◽

The Creation ◽

Definition Of

Although cartel behaviour is almost universally (and rightly) condemned, it is not clear why cartel participants deserve the full wrath of the criminal law and its associated punishment. To fill this void, I develop a normative (or principled) justification for the criminalisation of conduct characteristic of ‘hard core’ cartels. The paper opens with a brief consideration of the rhetoric commonly used to denounce cartel activity, eg that it ‘steals from’ or ‘robs’ consumers. To put the discussion in context, a brief definition of ‘hard core’ cartel behaviour is provided and the harms associated with this activity are identified. These are: welfare losses in the form of appropriation (from consumer to producer) of consumer surplus, the creation of deadweight loss to the economy, the creation of productive inefficiency (hindering innovation of both products and processes), and the creation of so-called X-inefficiency. As not all activities which cause harm ought to be criminalised, a theory as to why certain harms in a liberal society can be criminalised is developed. It is based on JS Mill's harm to others principle (as refined by Feinberg) and on a choice of social institutions using Rawls's ‘veil of ignorance.’ The theory is centred on the value of individual choice in securing one's own well-being, with the market as an indispensable instrument for this. But as applied to the harm associated with cartel conduct, this theory shows that none of the earlier mentioned problems associated with this activity provide sufficient justification for criminalisation. However, as the harm from hard core cartel activity strikes at an important institution which permits an individual's ability to secure their own well-being in a liberal society, criminalisation of hard core cartel behaviour can have its normative justification on this basis.

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WACANA CIVIL SOCIETY (MASYARKAT MADANI) DI INDONESIA

Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif ◽

10.14421/jsr.v10i2.1157 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 35

Author(s):

Masroer Jb ◽

Lalu Darmawan

Keyword(s):

Civil Society ◽

Social Institutions ◽

Freedom Of Speech ◽

Close Connection ◽

Government Organization ◽

Government Organizations ◽

The Creation ◽

And Control

This article describes the concept of civil society, which is more popular among the Muslims as Madani Society. The position of civil society is construct by the formation of various social institutions, particularly the non-government organizations. Non-Government Organization, which has autonomy and control of process’s government activities, is essential for the creation of Madani Society. Pluralism, Freedom of speech and expression, and control’s function are the important elements of democracy. It is apparent that there is a close connection between democracy and civil society. There will be no democracy without the development of civil society.

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The Stories We Tell: The Lives and Friendship of Two Older Black Lesbians

Psychology of Women Quarterly ◽

10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00180.x ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 177-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Ruth L. Hall ◽

Michelle Fine

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Narrative Analysis ◽

Life Experiences ◽

Social Institutions ◽

Frames Of Reference ◽

Safe Spaces ◽

Point Of Entry ◽

The Creation ◽

Women's Stories ◽

Black Lesbians

Research addressing the lives and friendships of older Black lesbians is virtually nonexistent. Using narrative analysis, we chronicle the lives of two older Black lesbians (73 and 85 years of age) through the lens of positive marginality. The concept of positive marginality asserts that living both inside and outside of the mainstream produces strengths rather than helplessness ( Mayo, 1982 ). We use four conceptual frames of reference to explore positive marginality: critical watching and reframing of life experiences on the margins, wise conversion of obstacles into opportunities, the subversion of social institutions, and the creation of safe spaces for people on the margin. From these two women's stories, we show how each, through lives of activism and seduction, created positive environments that defied traditional categories. We discuss how race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and aging affected their lives and how their friendship was an anchor for each. We offer their stories as a point of entry to future inquiry concerning older Black lesbians.

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Deskripsi Pranata Masyarakat Arab dalam Film “Kingdom Of Heaven”

JURNAL Al-AZHAR INDONESIA SERI HUMANIORA ◽

10.36722/sh.v3i4.225 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 310

Author(s):

Zulkarnen Zulkarnen ◽

Aliudin Mahyudin ◽

Febry P Y ◽

Vanny Rahmi Putri ◽

Ririn Widiyastuti

Keyword(s):

Film Industry ◽

Social Institutions ◽

Social Engineering ◽

New Order ◽

Historical Sources ◽

Hollywood Film ◽

Study Materials ◽

Starting Point ◽

Kingdom Of Heaven ◽

The Creation

Abstrak - Penelitian ini membahas mengenai “Kingdom of Heaven” yang merupakan film yang digarap oleh industri perfilman Hollywood yang menceritakan sejarah umat manusia yang pernah terjadi di abad ke-11. Perkembangan situasi di Palestina yang belum juga memperoleh titik damai antara Palestina dan Israel, menjadi titik awal mengapa perindustrian Hollywood memproduksi sebuah film untuk mengingatkan kembali akan sebuah jalan sejarah yang pernah ditempuh oleh Palestina. Tim peneliti mencoba memberikan tambahan dan juga analisis kritis dari film “Kingdom of Heaven” yang diharapkan dapat dijadikan bahan kajian guna terciptanya rekayasa sosial dari tatanan baru yang damai di bumi Palestina. Penelitian ini terbatas pada analisis pranata masyarakat dan masih memerlukan kajian budaya khususnya sub pranata sosial lainnya yang belum dianalisis, sehingga dapat memberikan sumbangsih yang dapat mendukung dalam memberikan gambaran yang utuh akan rekayasa sosial yang diharapkan dapat diimplementasikan guna terciptanya Yerusalem yang damai. Penelitian ini juga mendeskrpsikan figur Shalahuddin yang tidak ditemukan atau masih sangat minim digambarkan dalam film ini. Perlu kiranya sebagai saran dari penelitian ini agar penelitian budaya harus terus ditingkatkan, khususnya studi kawasan Timur Tengah yang sampai hari ini masih jauh dari kedamaian dan sedang mencari format rekayasa sosial yang mendukung terciptanya situasi dan budaya masyarakat yang kondusif. Industri perfilman hendaknya dapat lebih mengeksplor lagi sumber-sumber sejarah yang digunakan sebagai dasar pembuatan sebuah film non-fiksi, sehingga penonton dapat mengambil manfaat setelah menyaksikannya karena film hari ini menjadi media yang sangat potensial dalam menyampaikan sebuah pesan. Kata Kunci – Palestina, Kerajaan, Surga, Islam, Salib Abstract - This study discusses "Kingdom of Heaven" which is a film produced by the Hollywood film industry that tells the history of mankind that has ever happened in the 11th century. The development of the situation in Palestine isn’t yet to gain a point of peace between Palestine and Israel it became the starting point of why industrial Hollywood produced a film for recalling the history has that taken place by the Palestinians. The researcher to provide an additional and critical analysis of the film "Kingdom of Heaven" that is expected to be used as study materials for the creation of social engineering for a new order of peace in Palestine. This study is limited to the analysis of public institutions and still needs research in culture, especially sub social institutions that have not been analyzed, so as to contribute support that provides a complete picture of the social engineering which is expected to be implemented in order to create a peaceful Jerusalem. The study also describes Saladin’s figure that cannot be found or is still portrayed minimally in this film. We should also bear as a suggestion from this study that the culture research should be improved, especially the study of the Middle East are region to this day which is still far from peace and are still looking for a format that supports the creation of a conducive social engineering and cultural situation. The film industry should also be able to further explore more historical sources used as a basis for making non-fiction films, so that the audience can benefit after seeing the movie. Because films today become a potential media in conveying a message. Keywords - Palestina, Kingdom, Heaven, Islam, Salib

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The role of affect in feelings of obligation

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19002449 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

Stefen Beeler-Duden ◽

Meltem Yucel ◽

Amrisha Vaish

Keyword(s):

Positive Emotions ◽

The Creation ◽

Sense Of Obligation

Abstract Tomasello offers a compelling account of the emergence of humans’ sense of obligation. We suggest that more needs to be said about the role of affect in the creation of obligations. We also argue that positive emotions such as gratitude evolved to encourage individuals to fulfill cooperative obligations without the negative quality that Tomasello proposes is inherent in obligations.

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