scholarly journals Co-valorization of agro-industry by-products: effect of citrus oil on the quality of soap derived from palm fatty acid distillate and spent bleaching clay

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-575
Author(s):  
Teerasak Punvichai ◽  
Daniel Pioch
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Bleaching Clay ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Soap Content ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Spent Bleaching Clay ◽  
By Products ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

This study deals with the co-valorization of spent bleaching clay (SBC) and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) –by-products of palm oil refining plants- through soap manufacture. Obtained SBC and PFAD samples show differing acidity and saponification values depending on fatty acids and acylglycerols content. Soaps are prepared using the stoichiometric amount of NaOH, under the varying proportion of water introduced through the basic solution. The mixing SBC and PFAD (ratio 1:3), the reaction completion (92.5%) is surprisingly higher than expected, indicating a synergistic effect on the course of the saponification reaction. The water is also a critical parameter, 30% w/w of added water allowing the highest yield. When testing for cleaning efficiency the products having the highest soap content, those from individual by-products give a low microbial count reduction after hand-washing (30-37%). But a much better score (74%) is obtained when using SBC:PFAD soap mixtures. This improvement could be due to abrasive and absorption effects of the clay, combined with the high soap content. The acceptability through a panel test is good for all soaps when formulated with citrus oil. The most active product corresponds to a SBC:PFAD ratio close to the production one in refining plants. Therefore these results provide an easy way for co-valorising these by-products, after further optimizing the saponification reaction in this complex triphasic medium (aqueous solution, oil, clay).

Regeneration of Bleaching Clay Waste by Chemical Activation with Chloride Salts

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. Tsai ◽  
H. P. Chen ◽  
M. F. Hsieh ◽  
H. F. Sun ◽  
C. W. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Bleaching Clay ◽  
Chloride Salts

Recycling of Spent Bleaching Clay and Oil Recovery

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Al-Zahrani ◽  
M.A. Daous
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Bleaching Clay ◽  
Spent Bleaching Clay

scholarly journals Plant Design for Regeneration of Spent Bleaching Clay by Boil-Off Method and Acid Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Abdul Rahman Abdul khaled ◽  
Taha Ghaith ◽  
Al-Bara Al-Zubaidi
Keyword(s):  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Bleaching Clay ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Spent Bleaching Clay

scholarly journals Fatty acid composition of secondary products of oil and fat production

1970 ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
N. V. Hutsol ◽  
A. V. Hutsol ◽  
O. O. Mysenko ◽  
V. V. Honcharuk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Bleaching Clay ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Secondary Products

Purpose. To determine the content of fat and fatty acids of total lipids in fat and oil production secondary products: in pressed powder, hydrofuse, bleaching and adsorption clays and deodorization distillate. Methods. In the process of the research, general scientific methods were used: deduction, scientific hypothesis and abstraction. For the laboratory research, the following methods were used: zootechnical analysis, liquid chromatography, spectrophotometry, titrimetry. Methods of variation statistics were used to process the obtained experimental results. Results. Indicators of lipid and fatty acid composition of by-products of fat and oil production were determined. It has been established that wastes of fat and oil production are highly nutritious products: the content of crude fat in pressed powder is 65.45%, in the hydrofuse – 68.11%, bleaching clay – 66.99% and adsorption clays – 27.05%; contains essential fatty acids – linoleic (from 0.52 to 57.77%) and α-linolenic acid (from 0.01 to 0.02%). The total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in pressed powder is 57.79%, in the hydrofuse – 51.19%, in bleaching clay – 0.53%, in adsorption clays – 11.6%, and in deodorization distillate – 3.94% of the total amount of acids. Among the group of saturated fatty acids, all these products contain palmitic (from 0.88% to 5.91%), stearic (from 2.80% to 12.01%) and arachidic (from 0.07% to 8.43%) acid. The amount of saturated fatty acids in the pressed powder is 8.66%, in the hydrofuse – 8.87%, in bleaching clays – 9.96%, in adsorption clays – 8.07% and in deodorization distillate – 76.9% of the total acids. Conclusions. Wastes of fat and oil production in their composition contain a significant amount of crude fat, most of the fatty acids are represented by oleic and linoleic acid, which characterizes their quality and biological value as a feed additive for feeding animals and poultry.

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