Co-valorization of agro-industry by-products: effect of citrus oil on the quality of soap derived from palm fatty acid distillate and spent bleaching clay

This study deals with the co-valorization of spent bleaching clay (SBC) and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) –by-products of palm oil refining plants- through soap manufacture. Obtained SBC and PFAD samples show differing acidity and saponification values depending on fatty acids and acylglycerols content. Soaps are prepared using the stoichiometric amount of NaOH, under the varying proportion of water introduced through the basic solution. The mixing SBC and PFAD (ratio 1:3), the reaction completion (92.5%) is surprisingly higher than expected, indicating a synergistic effect on the course of the saponification reaction. The water is also a critical parameter, 30% w/w of added water allowing the highest yield. When testing for cleaning efficiency the products having the highest soap content, those from individual by-products give a low microbial count reduction after hand-washing (30-37%). But a much better score (74%) is obtained when using SBC:PFAD soap mixtures. This improvement could be due to abrasive and absorption effects of the clay, combined with the high soap content. The acceptability through a panel test is good for all soaps when formulated with citrus oil. The most active product corresponds to a SBC:PFAD ratio close to the production one in refining plants. Therefore these results provide an easy way for co-valorising these by-products, after further optimizing the saponification reaction in this complex triphasic medium (aqueous solution, oil, clay).

Physicochemical quality of artisanal oils produced in Ouagadougou: case of four small companies of cottonseed oils and crude groundnut oils taken in the markets

Artisanal oils dominate in the diet of the Burkinabe population.Among the food products, artisanal oils represent important sources of potential health risks. The objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of artisanal oils produced in Ouagadougou. A total of 30 samples of cottonseed oil and groundnut oil were collected on the sites of production and markets of Ouagadougou. The physicochemical parameters (refractive index, acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, residual soap content, water and volatile materials content, β-carotene content, sterols and mineral oil) were determined by standard methods. The physicochemical parameters determined the case of non-compliance observed in the iodine and saponification values. The cottonseed oil showed 88.58 ± 11.86 g of iodine / 100 g. This average is below the codex alimentarusstandard value. Sterols were detected in all samples. However no sample of oil showed traces of mineral oils. The averages of the physicochemical parameters according the type of oil presented significant variations (p ˂ 0.05)exceptedthose of the iodine value, the residual soap content, the water and volatile materials content. The overall analysis of the different results showed a general conformity with the Codex permissibility level for named vegetable oils. This compliance allows concluding that the quality of artisanal oils from Ouagadougou is quite good. It appears from this study that local producers have a mastery of the manufacturing process. But obtaining high quality of artisanal oil requires more strict application of good hygiene and manufacturing practices.

PENGARUH PELARUT KLOROFORM DALAM PEMURNIAN GLISEROL DENGAN PROSES ASIDIFIKASI ASAM KLORIDA

Glycerol as a byproduct of biodiesel production was approximately formed 10% of the biodiesel weight. Impurities which contained in the glycerol such as catalyst, soap, methanol, water, salt, and matter organic non glycerol (MONG) have a significant effect on the glycerol concentration. So, it is necessary to treat the impurities. The purpose of this study is to know the effect of chloroform to glycerol purification process with acidification method using hydrochloric acid as pretreatment process. This research was begun with acid addition to the glycerol to neutralize the base content and to split the soap content into free fatty acid and salt, that are more easily separated from glycerol. Then the process was continued with extraction by the solvent chloroform using the variable of test volume ratio (v/v) (1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2) and the extraction time (20, 40, and 60 minutes). The results showed that the more volume of solvent used, gave less extraction time to produce high purity of glycerol. The highest purity produced in this study amounted to 90,9082% is obtained at the ratio of the volume solvent (v/v) 1:1 with extraction time 60 minutes.

A Conparative Study of Biodiesel Purification with Magnesium Silicate and Water

It is not justifiable to use excess of water to purify biodiesel only because it is the "most economical" method. Actually it is one of the problems in the biodiesel production industry an adequate purification method; the most commonly used one is the water washing. Currently, there is considerable interest in the biodiesel purification with other solid materials such as synthetic magnesium silicate, which is an effective absorbent to remove impurities. The two methods discussed here have been tested in similar conditions of temperature, time and concentration of reactants. It was found that it is very important to remove the remaining methanol to avoid saturation of the absorbent. The analysis concluded that residues of glycerol and soap content in the two processes are similar and efficient enough and did not find many differences. The purity requirements and analysis of biodiesel were based on the American standard ASTM D6751.

Effects of Feedstock and Catalyst Concentration on Biodiesel Production

In this study, production of biodiesel from new and used palm and soybean oils was carried out using a transesterification method. The effect of catalyst amount used towards the percentage yield, soap content and heat of combustion of the biodiesel produced was investigated. The soap content and heat combustion of the biodiesel were determined using titration (AOCS Cc-95) and heat calorimeter bomb (ASTM D240-09), respectively. The results showed that catalyst concentration of 0.5 w/w% gave the best result in terms of yield of biodiesel produced from both palm and soybean oils. However, the quality of biodiesel (i.e. soap content and heat of combustion) produced from palm and soybean oils behaved differently towards catalyst concentration. Overall, both oils (palm and soybean), either new or used oil apparently showed no significant difference in term of yield or qualities of biodiesel produced. This indicates that the used oil has high potential as an economical and practical future source of biodiesel.