Role of Plasmodesmata and Virus Movement Proteins in Spread of Plant Viruses

Abstract After the discovery of ‘movement proteins’ as a peculiarity of plant viruses and with the help of novel methods for the detection and isolation of interacting host proteins new insights have been obtained to understand the mechanisms of virus movement in plant tissues. Rapid progress in studying the molecular mechanisms of systemic spread of plant infecting viruses revealed an interrelation between virus movement and macromolecular trafficking in plant tissues. This article summarizes current explorations on plant virus movement proteins (MPs) and introduces the state of the art in the identification and isolation of MP interacting host proteins.

Download Full-text

Faculty Opinions recommendation of Exploring the role of cellular homologous of the 30K-superfamily of plant virus movement proteins.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.732741182.793556986 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Vitaly Citovsky

Keyword(s):

Plant Virus ◽

Virus Movement ◽

Movement Proteins

Download Full-text

Role of Plant Virus Movement Proteins

Plant Virology Protocols - Methods in Molecular Biology™ ◽

10.1007/978-1-59745-102-4_3 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 33-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Michael Taliansky ◽

Lesley Torrance ◽

Natalia O. Kalinina

Keyword(s):

Plant Virus ◽

Virus Movement ◽

Movement Proteins

Download Full-text

Effects of Vector Maturation Time on the Dynamics of Cassava Mosaic Disease

Bulletin of Mathematical Biology ◽

10.1007/s11538-021-00921-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 83 (8) ◽

Author(s):

F. Al Basir ◽

Y. N. Kyrychko ◽

K. B. Blyuss ◽

S. Ray

Keyword(s):

Time Delay ◽

Plant Density ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Mosaic Disease ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Cassava Mosaic Disease ◽

Maturation Time ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Dynamical Regimes

AbstractMany plant diseases are caused by plant viruses that are often transmitted to plants by vectors. For instance, the cassava mosaic disease, which is spread by whiteflies, has a significant negative effect on plant growth and development. Since only mature whiteflies can contribute to the spread of the cassava mosaic virus, and the maturation time is non-negligible compared to whitefly lifetime, it is important to consider the effects this maturation time can have on the dynamics. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model for dynamics of cassava mosaic disease that includes immature and mature vectors and explicitly includes a time delay representing vector maturation time. A special feature of our plant epidemic model is that vector recruitment is negatively related to the delayed ratio between vector density and plant density. We identify conditions of biological feasibility and stability of different steady states in terms of system parameters and the time delay. Numerical stability analyses and simulations are performed to explore the role of various parameters, and to illustrate the behaviour of the model in different dynamical regimes. We show that the maturation delay may stabilise epidemiological dynamics that would otherwise be cyclic.

Download Full-text

Leaf Plasmodesmata Respond Differently to TMV, ToBRFV and TYLCV Infection

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071442 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1442

Author(s):

Yaarit Kutsher ◽

Dalia Evenor ◽

Eduard Belausov ◽

Moshe Lapidot ◽

Moshe Reuveni

Keyword(s):

Cell Types ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Tomato Leaf ◽

Visual Localization ◽

Tobacco Leaf ◽

Signal Distribution ◽

Movement Proteins ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Intracellular Mechanism ◽

Leaf Curl Virus

Macromolecule and cytosolic signal distribution throughout the plant employs a unique cellular and intracellular mechanism called plasmodesmata (PD). Plant viruses spread throughout plants via PD using their movement proteins (MPs). Viral MPs induce changes in plasmodesmata’s structure and alter their ability to move macromolecule and cytosolic signals. The developmental distribution of a family member of proteins termed plasmodesmata located proteins number 5 (PDLP5) conjugated to GFP (PDLP5-GFP) is described here. The GFP enables the visual localization of PDLP5 in the cell via confocal microscopy. We observed that PDLP5-GFP protein is present in seed protein bodies and immediately after seed imbibition in the plasma membrane. The effect of three different plant viruses, the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV, tobamoviruses), and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, begomoviruses), on PDLP5-GFP accumulation at the plasmodesmata was tested. In tobacco leaf, TMV and ToBRFV increased PDLP5-GFP amount at the plasmodesmata of cell types compared to control. However, there was no statistically significant difference in tomato leaf. On the other hand, TYLCV decreased PDLP5-GFP quantity in plasmodesmata in all tomato leaf cells compared to control, without any significant effect on plasmodesmata in tobacco leaf cells.

Download Full-text

Chloroplast Hsp70 Isoform Is Required for Age-Dependent Tissue Preference of Bamboo mosaic virus in Mature Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-01-17-0012-r ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (8) ◽

pp. 631-645 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ying Wen Huang ◽

Chung Chi Hu ◽

Ching Hsiu Tsai ◽

Na Sheng Lin ◽

Yau Heiu Hsu

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽

Transit Peptide ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Efficient Replication ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Lines Of Evidence ◽

Suitable Environment

Plant viruses may exhibit age-dependent tissue preference in their hosts but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we provide several lines of evidence to reveal the determining role of a protein of the Nicotiana benthamiana chloroplast Hsp70 (NbcpHsp70) family, NbcpHsp70-2, involved in the preference of Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) to infect older tissues. NbcpHsp70 family proteins were identified in complexes pulled down with BaMV replicase as the bait. Among the isoforms of NbcpHsp70, only the specific silencing of NbcpHsp70-2 resulted in the significant decrease of BaMV RNA in N. benthamiana protopalsts, indicating that NbcpHsp70-2 is involved in the efficient replication of BaMV RNA. We further identified the age-dependent import regulation signal contained in the transit peptide of NbcpHsp70-2. Deletion, overexpression, and substitution experiments revealed that the signal in the transit peptide of NbcpHsp70-2 is crucial for both the import of NbcpHsp70-2 into older chloroplasts and the preference of BaMV for infecting older leaves of N. benthamiana. Together, these data demonstrated that BaMV may exploit a cellular age-dependent transportation mechanism to target a suitable environment for viral replication.

Download Full-text

Challenging the Role of Microtubules in Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement by Drug Treatments Is Disputable

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00453-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 80 (13) ◽

pp. 6712-6715 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Mark Seemanpillai ◽

Rabab Elamawi ◽

Christophe Ritzenthaler ◽

Manfred Heinlein

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Movement Protein ◽

Viral Rna ◽

Virus Movement ◽

Direct Role ◽

Microtubule Inhibitors ◽

Microtubule Polymerization ◽

Drug Treatments

ABSTRACT The movement protein (MP) of Tobacco mosaic virus interacts with microtubules during infection. Although this interaction is correlated with the function of MP in the cell-to-cell transport of viral RNA, a direct role of microtubules in the movement process was recently challenged by studies involving the treatment of plants with inhibitors of microtubule polymerization. Here, we report evidence suggesting that such treatments may not efficiently disrupt all microtubules. Thus, results obtained from studies using microtubule inhibitors may have to remain open to interpretation with regard to the involvement of microtubules in viral RNA trafficking.

Download Full-text

The Potato Virus X TGBp2 Protein Plays Dual Functional Roles in Viral Replication and Movement

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01635-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 93 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xiaoyun Wu ◽

Jiahui Liu ◽

Mengzhu Chai ◽

Jinhui Wang ◽

Dalong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Triple Gene Block ◽

Potato Virus X ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Open Reading Frames ◽

Movement Proteins ◽

Gene Block ◽

Functional Roles ◽

Viral Rdrp ◽

Dual Functional ◽

Intercellular Movement

ABSTRACTPlant viruses usually encode one or more movement proteins (MP) to accomplish their intercellular movement. A group of positive-strand RNA plant viruses requires three viral proteins (TGBp1, TGBp2, and TGBp3) that are encoded by an evolutionarily conserved genetic module of three partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), termed the triple gene block (TGB). However, how these three viral movement proteins function cooperatively in viral intercellular movement is still elusive. Using a novelin vivodouble-stranded RNA (dsRNA) labeling system, we showed that the dsRNAs generated by potato virus X (PVX) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) are colocalized with viral RdRp, which are further tightly covered by “chain mail”-like TGBp2 aggregates and localizes alongside TGBp3 aggregates. We also discovered that TGBp2 interacts with the C-terminal domain of PVX RdRp, and this interaction is required for the localization of TGBp3 and itself to the RdRp/dsRNA bodies. Moreover, we reveal that the central and C-terminal hydrophilic domains of TGBp2 are required to interact with viral RdRp. Finally, we demonstrate that knockout of the entire TGBp2 or the domain involved in interacting with viral RdRp attenuates both PVX replication and movement. Collectively, these findings suggest that TGBp2 plays dual functional roles in PVX replication and intercellular movement.IMPORTANCEMany plant viruses contain three partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), termed the triple gene block (TGB), for intercellular movement. However, how the corresponding three proteins coordinate their functions remains obscure. In the present study, we provided multiple lines of evidence supporting the notion that PVX TGBp2 functions as the molecular adaptor bridging the interaction between the RdRp/dsRNA body and TGBp3 by forming “chain mail”-like structures in the RdRp/dsRNA body, which can also enhance viral replication. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the replication and movement of PVX and possibly also other TGB-containing plant viruses.

Download Full-text

Identification of Autophagy-Related Genes in the Potato Psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli and Their Expression Profile in Response to ‘Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum’ in the Gut

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12121073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1073

Author(s):

Xiao-Tian Tang ◽

Cecilia Tamborindeguy

Keyword(s):

Expression Profile ◽

Profile Analysis ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Insect Vectors ◽

Potato Psyllid ◽

Bactericera Cockerelli ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽

Expression Profile Analysis ◽

Candidatus Liberibacter

Autophagy, also known as type II programmed cell death, is a cellular mechanism of “self-eating”. Autophagy plays an important role against pathogen infection in numerous organisms. Recently, it has been demonstrated that autophagy can be activated and even manipulated by plant viruses to facilitate their transmission within insect vectors. However, little is known about the role of autophagy in the interactions of insect vectors with plant bacterial pathogens. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) is a phloem-limited Gram-negative bacterium that infects crops worldwide. Two Lso haplotypes, LsoA and LsoB, are transmitted by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli and cause damaging diseases in solanaceous plants (e.g., zebra chip in potatoes). Both LsoA and LsoB are transmitted by the potato psyllid in a persistent circulative manner: they colonize and replicate within psyllid tissues. Following acquisition, the gut is the first organ Lso encounters and could be a barrier for transmission. In this study, we annotated autophagy-related genes (ATGs) from the potato psyllid transcriptome and evaluated their expression in response to Lso infection at the gut interface. In total, 19 ATGs belonging to 17 different families were identified. The comprehensive expression profile analysis revealed that the majority of the ATGs were regulated in the psyllid gut following the exposure or infection to each Lso haplotype, LsoA and LsoB, suggesting a potential role of autophagy in response to Lso at the psyllid gut interface.

Download Full-text