Water Security of Nations: How International Trade Affects National Water Scarcity and Dependency

2009 ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Y. Hoekstra
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Security ◽  
National Water

scholarly journals Seawater desalination as an option to alleviate water scarcity in South Africa: the need for a strategic approach to planning and environmental decision-making

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. Schreiner ◽  
R. C. van Ballegooyen ◽  
W. Osman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Environmental Decision Making ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Seawater Reverse Osmosis ◽  
National Water

In the last decade, seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) has come to be seen by policy-makers as a novel technology that will significantly advance water security in South African coastal regions. Water purveyors, from the private sector, local/district municipalities and provincial authorities, are undertaking studies to explore the feasibility of SWRO to meet growing demand and relieve mounting pressure on current bulk water supply infrastructure. With this in mind, it is suggested that national strategic planning should be introduced to present the opportunities and constraints of the desalination option within the national water and energy policy. In absence of this, piece-meal decisions will be made at local authority levels and the construction of SWRO plants will be determined by regional circumstances (e.g. drought) as opposed to national water policy agenda. This paper explores the value of such a strategy by considering the drivers of SWRO in South Africa, the risk of unplanned large-scale SWRO implementation (with a focus on environmental impacts) and the initial steps that could be taken toward a Strategic Environmental Assessment for SWRO in South Africa.

Game Analysis of Virtual Water Trade under the Perspective of International Trade

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 2046-2050
Author(s):  
Chun Yue Wang ◽  
Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Game Analysis

As the global water resource is becoming more and more serious,a new way of solving the water resources problems with the idea of virtual water trade gains attention gradually.Using the prisoner’s dilemma in game theory model,analyzes the water resource game and international trade respectively.Combines the water resource and its security with the international trade,then build the game model of virtual water trade.Through analysis of these three games,find the water resources and the international trade game have equilibrium differences and complementarities returns,the implementation of virtual water trade will make both parties achieve even greater gains in terms of cooperation, increasing the possibility of breaking the prisoner's dilemma. Therefore,combine the water resources with the international trade will ensure a country’s water security in a larger extent and avoid producing high transfer cost and ecological destruction.

India's inter-state water disputes will intensify

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
National Government ◽  
Violence Risk ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Content Type ◽  
State Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
National Water ◽  
Inter State

Subject Inter-state water disputes. Significance The government has proposed a new national Water Framework bill to overcome deepening conflicts between regional states over shared rivers. No fewer than six bitter inter-state disputes have arisen in recent years, provoking riots and challenges to central authorities. Impacts Water shortages will rise, especially in densely populated cities. Street protests against water scarcity pose a serious violence risk. India’s national government has yet to prioritise investment in water storage facilities.

Integrated water security plan for water scarcity villages in central India

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 2547-2564
Author(s):  
Padmakar Chintalapudi ◽  
Gajanan Khadse ◽  
Paras Pujari ◽  
Ramya Sanam ◽  
Pawan Labhasetwar
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Central India ◽  
Water Security

scholarly journals The water footprint of Indonesian provinces related to the consumption of crop products

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Bulsink ◽  
A. Y. Hoekstra ◽  
M. J. Booij
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
External Water ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
Water Accounts ◽  
National Water

Abstract. National water use accounts are generally limited to statistics on water withdrawals in the different sectors of economy. They are restricted to "blue water accounts" related to production, thus excluding (a) "green" and "grey water accounts", (b) accounts of internal and international virtual water flows and (c) water accounts related to consumption. This paper shows how national water-use accounts can be extended through an example for Indonesia. The study quantifies interprovincial virtual water flows related to trade in crop products and assesses the green, blue and grey water footprint related to the consumption of crop products per Indonesian province. The study shows that the average water footprint in Indonesia insofar related to consumption of crop products is 1131 m3/cap/yr, but provincial water footprints vary between 859 and 1895 m3/cap/yr. Java, the most water-scarce island, has a net virtual water import and the most significant external water footprint. This large external water footprint is relieving the water scarcity on this island. Trade will remain necessary to supply food to the most densely populated areas where water scarcity is highest (Java).

Damming the Mekong tributaries: water security and the MRC 1995 Agreement

Water Policy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1420-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mak Sithirith ◽  
Jaap Evers ◽  
Joyeeta Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Mekong River ◽  
Transboundary Rivers ◽  
Flow Volume ◽  
Mekong River Commission ◽  
National Water

Water security is a key governance challenge especially in relation to transboundary rivers. While the literature elaborates on the water security concept, there is very little on how to operationalize it in the transboundary context. Hence, this paper addresses the question: How can the governance of transboundary rivers be operationalized to deal with national water security concerns? It uses a literature review and a case study focusing on dams in the Mekong tributaries, namely the Sesan, part of the 3S Basin, in Vietnam and Cambodia. The paper describes the damming process in the 3S Basin and how it threatens water security for downstream states in terms of securing the flow, volume, quality, space, and the temporal variations of the rivers and the livelihoods of river dependent communities. It examines how the Mekong River Commission (MRC) members address these issues, balance their interests and secure the free flow of the Mekong River and its tributaries. It concludes that the MRC Agreement of 1995 is an inadequate mechanism to regulate the developments of hydrological infrastructure on the shared international tributaries, and that further operationalization of the concept of water security is necessary to enable the improvement of existing cooperative regulations and mechanisms.

scholarly journals Agricultural resilience under increasing water security threats: insights for smallholder farming in Limpopo Province, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-862
Author(s):  
Simbarashe Kativhu ◽  
Marizvikuru M. Mwale ◽  
Jethro Zuwarimwe
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
Zero Hunger ◽  
Agricultural Resilience

Abstract Smallholder farmers in South Africa are facing increased pressure to manage water use due to growing scarcity and environmental water demand. This prompts the need to build resilient irrigation systems particularly for smallholder farmers. Building resilience is more pertinent in Limpopo province, where crop and animal production is hampered by water scarcity. Currently, there is an array of generic adaptation strategies for attaining resilient irrigation schemes in South Africa and beyond. However, the effectiveness and feasibility of these resilience measures at farm level, particularly among smallholders in marginalised areas, are not well researched in Limpopo Province. The current paper draws lessons from adaptation mechanisms in Southern Africa, indicates areas that require further studies and recommends ways for enhancing smallholder resilience against water scarcity. The article contributes to efforts for enhancing water security and fulfil the targets set in sustainable development goal 2 of zero hunger, South Africa Vision 2030, and the government's food security mandate, particularly through suggesting ways for enhancing smallholder farmer resilience and water security.

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