Game Analysis of Virtual Water Trade under the Perspective of International Trade

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 2046-2050
Author(s):  
Chun Yue Wang ◽  
Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Game Analysis

As the global water resource is becoming more and more serious,a new way of solving the water resources problems with the idea of virtual water trade gains attention gradually.Using the prisoner’s dilemma in game theory model,analyzes the water resource game and international trade respectively.Combines the water resource and its security with the international trade,then build the game model of virtual water trade.Through analysis of these three games,find the water resources and the international trade game have equilibrium differences and complementarities returns,the implementation of virtual water trade will make both parties achieve even greater gains in terms of cooperation, increasing the possibility of breaking the prisoner's dilemma. Therefore,combine the water resources with the international trade will ensure a country’s water security in a larger extent and avoid producing high transfer cost and ecological destruction.

scholarly journals Virtual Water Trade in the Yellow River Economic Belt: A Multi-Regional Input-Output Model

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 748
Author(s):  
Ming Li ◽  
Qingsong Tian ◽  
Yan Yu ◽  
Yueyan Xu ◽  
Chongguang Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Virtual Water Trade

The sustainable and efficient use of water resources has gained wide social concern, and the key point is to investigate the virtual water trade of the water-scarcity region and optimize water resources allocation. In this paper, we apply a multi-regional input-output model to analyze patterns and the spillover risks of the interprovincial virtual water trade in the Yellow River Economic Belt, China. The results show that: (1) The agriculture and supply sector as well as electricity and hot water production own the largest total water use coefficient, being high-risk water use sectors in the Yellow River Economic Belt. These two sectors also play a major role in the inflow and outflow of virtual water; (2) The overall situation of the Yellow River Economic Belt is virtual water inflow, but the pattern of virtual water trade between eastern and western provinces is quite different. Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia belong to the virtual water net inflow area, while the virtual water net outflow regions are concentrated in Shanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang, Ningxia, and Qinghai; (3) Due to higher water resource stress, Shandong and Shanxi suffer a higher cumulative risk through virtual water trade. Also, Shandong, Henan, and Inner Mongolia have a higher spillover risk to other provinces in the Yellow River Economic Belt.

Analysis of China's Water Security and Virtual Water Trade

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Hongrui ◽  
Liu Xinghan ◽  
Dong Yanyan ◽  
Wang Junhong
Keyword(s):  
Water Security ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Virtual Water Trade

scholarly journals Global effects of local food-production crises: a virtual water perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Tamea ◽  
Francesco Laio ◽  
Luca Ridolfi
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Local Food ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Virtual Displacement ◽  
Local Food Production ◽  
Global Water

Abstract By importing food and agricultural goods, countries cope with the heterogeneous global water distribution and often rely on water resources available abroad. The virtual displacement of the water used to produce such goods (known as virtual water) connects together, in a global water system, all countries participating to the international trade network. Local food-production crises, having social, economic or environmental origin, propagate in this network, modifying the virtual water trade and perturbing local and global food availability, quantified in terms of virtual water. We analyze here the possible effects of local crises by developing a new propagation model, parsimonious but grounded on data-based and statistically-verified assumptions, whose effectiveness is proved on the Argentinean crisis in 2008–09. The model serves as the basis to propose indicators of crisis impact and country vulnerability to external food-production crises, which highlight that countries with largest water resources have the highest impact on the international trade and that not only water-scarce but also wealthy and globalized countries are among the most vulnerable to external crises. The temporal analysis reveals that global average vulnerability has increased over time and that stronger effects of crises are now found in countries with low food (and water) availability.

Calculation and Analysis of Water Footprint in Shunyi District of Beijing

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 964-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Ling Liu ◽  
Yu Xin Wang ◽  
Xiao Hui Mao
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Water Resources Carrying Capacity ◽  
Per Capita

The water footprint and consumption pattern is an effective tool for quantitifying the volume of water resources consumption in certain region [ ].Shunyi’s water footprint in the period 2006-2010 is calculated in this article from the view of virtual water. The general water footprint in Shunyi District at the year 2010 reached 790 million m3 and water footprint per capita was 536.48 cubic meters. Shunyi 's water resource quantity per capita was 501.27 m3 in the same year and the Water Scarcity Index was 1.98. The result of calculation shows that the water resource volume of exploitation in Shunyi District of Beijing has been beyond the water resources carrying capacity.

scholarly journals Virtual water trade and water footprint of agricultural goods: the 1961–2016 CWASI database

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2025-2051
Author(s):  
Stefania Tamea ◽  
Marta Tuninetti ◽  
Irene Soligno ◽  
Francesco Laio
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Country Specific

Abstract. To support national and global assessments of water use in agriculture, we build a comprehensive database of country-specific water footprint and virtual water trade (VWT) data for 370 agricultural goods. The water footprint, indicating the water needed for the production of a good including rainwater and water from surface water and groundwater bodies, is expressed as a volume per unit weight of the good (or unit water footprint, uWF) and is here estimated at the country scale for every year in the period 1961–2016. The uWF is also differentiated, where possible, between production and supply, referring to local production and to a weighted mean of local production and import, respectively. The VWT data, representing the amount of water needed for the production of a good and virtually exchanged with the international trade, are provided for each commodity as bilateral trade matrices, between origin and destination countries, for every year in the period 1986–2016. The database, developed within the CWASI project, improves upon earlier datasets because it takes into account the annual variability of the uWF of crops, it accounts for both produced and imported goods in the definition of the supply-side uWF, and it traces goods across the international trade up to the origin of goods' production. The CWASI database is available on the Zenodo repository at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4606794 (Tamea et al., 2020), and it welcomes contributions and improvements from the research community to enable analyses specifically accounting for the temporal evolution of the uWF.

scholarly journals Analysis of the characteristics of global virtual water trade network using degree and eigenvector centrality, with a focus on food and feed crops

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hyun Lee ◽  
Rabi H. Mohtar ◽  
Jin-Yong Choi ◽  
Seung-Hwan Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Eigenvector Centrality ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The Usa

Abstract. This study aims to analyse the characteristics of global virtual water trade (GVWT) such as connectivity of each trader, vulnerable importers, and influential countries using degree and eigenvector centrality during the period 2006–2010. The degree centrality was used to measure the connectivity and eigenvector centrality was used to measure the influence on entire GVWT network. Mexico, Egypt, China, Korea Rep., and Japan were classified to vulnerable importers because they imported a lot of virtual water with the low connectivity. Especially, Egypt had 15.3 Gm³ year-1 blue water savings effects through GVWT, thus the vulnerable structure could cause the water shortage problem in importer. The entire GVWT network could be changed by a few nodes which call influential traders, and we figured out the influential traders using eigenvector centrality. In GVWT for food crops, the USA, Russian Federation, Thailand, and Canada had high eigenvector with a large volume of green water trade. In case of blue water trade, western Asia, Pakistan, and India had high eigenvector centrality. For feed crops, the green water trade in the USA, Brazil, and Argentina was the most influential. However, Argentina and Pakistan used the high proportion of internal water resource for virtual water export (32.9 and 25.1 %), thus rest of traders should consider the water resource management in these exporters carefully.

scholarly journals Analyses of impacts of China's international trade on its water resources and uses

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 3543-3570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Y. Zhang ◽  
H. Yang ◽  
M. J. Shi ◽  
A. J. B. Zehnder ◽  
K. C. Abbaspour
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Water Flows ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Uses

Abstract. This study provides an insight into the impact of China's international trade of goods and services on its water resources and uses. Virtual water flows associated with China's international trade are quantified in an input-output framework. The analysis is scaled down to the sectoral and provincial levels to trace the origins and destinations of virtual water flows associated with the international trade. The results reveal that China is a net virtual water exporter of 4.7 × 1010 m3 year−1, accounting for 2.1% of its total water resources and 8.9% of the total water use. Water scarce regions tend to have higher percentages of virtual water export relative to their water resources and water uses. In the water scarce Huang-Huai-Hai region, the net virtual water export accounts for 7.9% of the region's water resources and 11.2% of its water uses. For individual sectors, major net virtual water exporters are those where agriculture provides raw materials in the initial process of the production chain and/or pollution intensity is high. The results suggest that China's economic gains from being a world "manufacture factory" have come at a high cost to its water resources and through pollution to its environment.

scholarly journals Assessment of Blue and Green Virtual Water Trade: A Case Study of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Shiv Narayan Nishad ◽  
Naresh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Water Sustainability ◽  
Virtual Water Trade ◽  
Design For Sustainability ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The Impact

Declining water resources and increasing demand of water for agricultural, industrial, and domestic sector and potential climate change has posed a major challenge to maintain water sustainability of a nation. There is a need to adopt long-term perspective for assessment and policy design for sustainability of primary resources like water. It is also argued that virtual water trade has raised issues of water sustainability as even small but continuous net virtual water trade may influence the water sustainability through irreversible losses. With the constraints for water sustainability, virtual water trade has received much attention in the recent years. While the impact of virtual water trade on water sustainability of virtual water exporter country is less explored and assessed. India is a major water exporting country resulted tremendous pressure on water resources that has serious threat to food security and the negative impact on development of economy and other sectors.

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