Pathogenesis Related Proteins in Plant Defense Response

Plants have evolved a complex multilayered defense system to counteract various invading pathogens during their life cycle. In addition to silencing, considered to be a major molecular defense response against viruses, different signaling pathways activated by phytohormones trigger the expression of secondary metabolites and proteins preventing virus entry and propagation. In this study, we explored the response of cucumber plants to one of the global pathogens, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), which causes severe symptoms on leaves and fruits. The inbred line of Cucumis sativus L., which is highly susceptible to CGMMV, was chosen for inoculation. Transcriptomes of infected plants at the early and late stages of infection were analyzed in comparison with the corresponding transcriptomes of healthy plants using RNA-seq. The changes in the signaling pathways of ethylene and salicylic and jasmonic acids, as well as the differences in silencing response and expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and transcription factors, were revealed. The results show that silencing was strongly suppressed in infected plants, while the salicylic acid and ethylene signaling pathways were induced. The genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins and the genes involved in the jasmonic acid pathway changed their expression insignificantly. It was also found that WRKY and NAC were the most sensitive to CGMMV infection among the transcription factors detected.

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Arabidopsis SDG8 Potentiates the Sustainable Transcriptional Induction of the Pathogenesis-Related Genes PR1 and PR2 During Plant Defense Response

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2020.00277 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xue Zhang ◽

Rozenn Ménard ◽

Ying Li ◽

Gloria M. Coruzzi ◽

Thierry Heitz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Defense ◽

Defense Response ◽

Plant Defense Response ◽

Pathogenesis Related ◽

Transcriptional Induction

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Pathogenesis Related Proteins (PRs): From Cellular Mechanisms to Plant Defense

Current Protein and Peptide Science ◽

10.2174/1389203721999201231212736 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Ikram Zribi ◽

Mouna Ghorbel ◽

Faiçal Brini

Keyword(s):

Plant Defense ◽

Cellular Mechanisms ◽

Pathogenesis Related Proteins ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Control Growth ◽

Wide Range ◽

Pathogenesis Related ◽

Range Of Functions ◽

Plant Families ◽

Related Proteins

Abstract:: Many unfavorable stress conditions, such as wounding, drought, extreme temperatures, salinity and pathogen attacks control growth, development and plant yield. To survive under such environments, plants have developed many strategies. They are able to induce the expression of a large number of genes that encodes effectors, receptors, as well as signaling proteins and protective molecules. Among all, we find pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) which were found to be activated in response to a large number of biotic and abiotic threats. Those proteins have a wide range of functions; acting as chitinases, peroxidases, anti-microbial agents, hydrolases, protease inhibitors, and other activities. Activation of PR proteins has been demonstrated in different plant families as a response to different stresses. In this review, we have summarized the structural, biological and functional characteristics of the different PRs families in plants, their regulation, as well as their roles in plant defense against abiotic and biotic stresses.

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Mildew Resistance Locus O Genes CsMLO1 and CsMLO2 Are Negative Modulators of the Cucumis sativus Defense Response to Corynespora cassiicola

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20194793 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (19) ◽

pp. 4793 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Guangchao Yu ◽

Qiumin Chen ◽

Xiangyu Wang ◽

Xiangnan Meng ◽

Yang Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cucumis Sativus ◽

Defense Response ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Resistance Locus ◽

Corynespora Cassiicola ◽

Membrane Expression ◽

Mildew Resistance ◽

Pathogenesis Related Proteins ◽

Pathogenesis Related ◽

Related Proteins

Corynespora leaf spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola is one of the major diseases in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). However, the resistance mechanisms and signals of cucumber to C. cassiicola are unclear. Here, we report that the mildew resistance locus O (MLO) genes, CsMLO1 and CsMLO2, are both negative modulators of the cucumber defense response to C. cassiicola. Subcellular localization analysis showed that CsMLO1 and CsMLO2 are localized in the plasma membrane. Expression analysis indicated that the transcript levels of CsMLO1 and CsMLO2 are linked to the defense response to C. cassiicola. Transient overexpression of either CsMLO1 or CsMLO2 in cucumber cotyledons reduced resistance to C. cassiicola, whereas silencing of either CsMLO1 or CsMLO2 enhanced resistance to C. cassiicola. The relationships of pathogenesis-related proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated genes, and abscisic acid (ABA)-related genes to the overexpression and silencing of CsMLO1/CsMLO2 in non-infested cucumber plants were investigated. The results indicated that CsMLO1 mediated resistance against C. cassiicola by regulating the expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and ROS-associated genes, as well as through ABA signaling pathway-associated genes. The CsMLO2-mediated resistance against C. cassiicola primarily involves regulation of the expression of pathogenesis-related proteins. Our findings will guide strategies to enhance the resistance of cucumber to corynespora leaf spot.

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Pathogenesis-Related Proteins and Plant Defense

Plant Relationships ◽

10.1007/978-3-662-10370-8_7 ◽

1997 ◽

pp. 107-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

E. Kombrink ◽

I. E. Somssich

Keyword(s):

Plant Defense ◽

Pathogenesis Related Proteins ◽

Pathogenesis Related ◽

Related Proteins

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Deletion of the SACPD-C Locus Alters the Symbiotic Relationship Between Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 and Soybean, Resulting in Elicitation of Plant Defense Response and Nodulation Defects

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-08-16-0173-r ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (11) ◽

pp. 862-877 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hari B. Krishnan ◽

Alaa A. Alaswad ◽

Nathan W. Oehrle ◽

Jason D. Gillman

Keyword(s):

Plant Defense ◽

Defense Response ◽

Acyl Carrier Protein ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Nodule Development ◽

Plant Defense Response ◽

Wild Type ◽

Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Symbiotic Associations ◽

Soybean Nodule

Legumes form symbiotic associations with soil-dwelling bacteria collectively called rhizobia. This association results in the formation of nodules, unique plant-derived organs, within which the rhizobia are housed. Rhizobia-encoded nitrogenase facilitates the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is utilized by the plants for its growth and development. Fatty acids have been shown to play an important role in root nodule symbiosis. In this study, we have investigated the role of stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase isoform C (SACPD-C), a soybean enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of stearic acid into oleic acid, which is expressed in developing seeds and in nitrogen-fixing nodules. In-depth cytological investigation of nodule development in sacpd-c mutant lines M25 and MM106 revealed gross anatomical alteration in the sacpd-c mutants. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed ultrastructural alterations in the sacpd-c mutants that are typically associated with plant defense response to pathogens. In nodules of two sacpd-c mutants, the combined jasmonic acid (JA) species (JA and the isoleucine conjugate of JA) were found to be reduced and 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) levels were significantly higher relative to wild-type lines. Salicylic acid levels were not significantly different between genotypes, which is divergent from previous studies of sacpd mutant studies on vegetative tissues. Soybean nodule phytohormone profiles were very divergent from those of roots, and root profiles were found to be almost identical between mutant and wild-type genotypes. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase were also found to be higher in nodules of sacpd-c mutants. PR-1 gene expression was extremely elevated in M25 and MM106, while the expression of nitrogenase was significantly reduced in these sacpd-c mutants, compared with the parent ‘Bay’. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry analyses confirmed sacpd-c mutants also accumulated higher amounts of pathogenesis-related proteins in the nodules. Our study establishes a major role for SACPD-C activity as essential for proper maintenance of soybean nodule morphology and physiology and indicates that OPDA signaling is likely to be involved in attenuation of nodule biotic defense responses.

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