Effects of Climatic Warming on Frost Damage of Scots Pine

1997 ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilkka Leinonen ◽  
Seppo Kellomäki
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Climatic Warming

Computations on Frost Damage to Scots Pine Under Climatic Warming in Boreal Conditions

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seppo Kellomaki ◽  
Heikki Hanninen ◽  
Marja Kolstrom
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Climatic Warming

Seasonal development of Scots pine under climatic warming: effects on photosynthetic production

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 2092-2099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki Hänninen ◽  
Pasi Kolari ◽  
Pertti Hari
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Present Climate ◽  
First Approximation ◽  
Photosynthetic Production

In boreal conditions under climatic warming, photosynthesis will start earlier in the spring than it does in the present climate. As a first approximation this phenomenon would increase the annual photosynthetic production of boreal conifers, as they can use the high amounts of incoming solar radiation prevailing during spring to a greater extent than in the present climate. However, the recovery of photosynthesis is accompanied by a simultaneous dehardening of the needles. Thus, climatic warming may also cause a premature dehardening of the needles during spring. This may result in needle losses caused by frost damage; so climatic warming may also decrease the annual photosynthetic production of boreal conifers. Using computer simulations with ecophysiological models, these counteracting effects of climatic warming on photosynthetic production were studied in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees growing in southern Finland. The results show that because of our insufficient understanding of the environmental regulation of frost hardiness, it is not possible to conclude which one of the two potential effects will dominate under climatic warming. This finding calls for further empirical development and testing of the frost hardiness models.

The relationship between multiple leaders and mechanical and frost damage to the apical meristem of Scots pine seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo K. Holopainen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Multiple Leaders

The responses of young Scots pine seedlings to mechanical apical meristem damage before and after 4 nights exposure to minimum night temperatures of −2.2 and −6.7 °C in controlled environment growth chambers were compared with control seedlings that were subjected or not to apical meristem damage and exposed to a minimum night temperature of 12 °C. The feeding damage caused by Lygus bugs was simulated by piercing the apical meristem of young pine seedlings with a hypodermic syringe needle and injecting a small drop of distilled water into the wound. At −6.7 °C increased numbers of dead seedlings were found. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders greatly increased after piercing, and about half of the seedlings subjected to the apical meristem damage had multiple leaders. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders and the number of leader shoots per seedling did not differ among seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before or after the frost exposure. Short and twisted primary needles occurred in the basal parts of the new shoots in the seedlings with multiple leaders. Seedlings with necrotic needles were most often found after exposure to the night temperature of −6.7 °C. Shoot dry weight and length were significantly lower in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage after frost exposure than in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before frost exposure or to no frost exposure. The results suggest that an increased reduction in growth is to be expected if Lygus bug attacks occur on pine seedlings that already suffer from frost injury.

scholarly journals A case of severe frost damage prior to budbreak in young conifers in Northeastern Ontario: Consequence of climate change?

2009 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhou Man ◽  
Gordon J Kayahara ◽  
Qing-Lai Dang ◽  
James A Rice
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
Understory Trees

In spring 2007, young planted and natural conifers suffered extensive needle and bud injury near Hearst and Kapuskasing in northeastern Ontario. Damage was observed on all species of conifers up to 20 years old and 8 m in height. Taller trees, especially those in the overstory, and young understory trees protected by a closed canopy had less damage. The damage was caused by earlier than normal loss of cold hardiness followed by late spring frosts according to damage observations, weather station data, and calculated thermal time requirements for budbreak and cold hardiness of conifers. During May 19 to 21, 2007, minimum temperatures were recorded between -8°C and -9°C, and before this period, temperatures were warm enough to induce early dehardening and loss of trees' cold hardiness. According to the historical weather data for Kapuskasing, estimated budbreak time has become earlier since 1918 and freezing temperatures during budbreak and shoot elongation (between growing degree days 100 and June 15) have become more frequent since 1980. If the trend towards earlier budbreak is due to climate change, then the type of frost damage we observed in northeastern Ontario in 2007 could become more common. We discuss implications of such events and suggest research needed to understand the risk of frost damage with climatic warming and to reduce damage. Key words: conifer frost damage, mature needle and bud (or needle/bud) mortality, early dehardening and budbreak (or dehardening/budbreak), climatic warming

scholarly journals Predicting spring phenology and frost damage risk of Betula spp. under climatic warming: a comparison of two models

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 1175-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Linkosalo ◽  
T. R. Carter ◽  
R. Hakkinen ◽  
P. Hari
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Spring Phenology ◽  
Damage Risk

Recent tree-limit history of Piceaabies in the southern Swedish Scandes

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kullman
Keyword(s):  
Frost Damage ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ca 50 ◽  
Tree Limit

The recent history of Piceaabies (L.) Karst. at its altitudinal tree limit has been studied in the southern Swedish Scandes. Altitudinal transects (131) were evenly distributed over a tract of mountains of ca. 40 × 200 km. The age of spruces growing at the tree limit and downhill were estimated by annual ring counts. The spruce tree limit had risen (on average by ca. 50 m altitudinally) in ca. 70% of the studied transects as a result of the subsequent growth in height of old, established, formerly stunted individuals. Their growth in height accelerated during the 1930's, in response to the general climatic warming. A rise in the tree limit because of the establishment of new individuals (after 1915) was noted in only 7% of the studied transects. Most of the spruces growing in the tree-limit ecotone established around the 1860's and the 1940's, which were epochs with relatively snowy winters. After 1860, spruce establishment was not correlated with the summer mean temperature. Successful regeneration of spruce at the tree limit is dependent of a deep and stable snow cover and the requisite balance between precipitation–meltwater and evaporation being maintained in the early summer. The importance of air temperatures in May for successful growth and natural regeneration was evident. High air temperature in May is detrimental, since it promotes a too early initiation of growth and a consequent increased risk of frost damage. The spruce populations at the tree limit are recruited both from local seed parents and from long distance dispersal of seed from trees growing at lower altitudes.

Development of freezing tolerance in roots and shoots of Scots pine seedlings at nonfreezing temperatures

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aija Ryyppö ◽  
Tapani Repo ◽  
Elina Vapaavuori
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Extracellular Resistance

The hardening of hydroponically cultured Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings and their recovery after freezing was studied at the end of the second growing season (LD), after 3 weeks of short day treatment (SD), after a gradual decrease in temperature to 5°C over 4 weeks (H1), and after 4 weeks at 5°C (H2). Frost hardiness was determined by several methods and the recovery as survival of the seedlings. The highest frost hardiness was achieved in the distal parts of needles (-21 to -27°C) and in the proximal parts of needles (-18 to -25°C), followed by woody roots (-7 to -9°C), the 1-year-old and current stem (-8°C), and the fine roots (-5°C), all at the end of H2. Hardening of needles was induced by SD, but the stem and woody roots started to harden later, as a response to low temperature. As a result of frost treatment during LD and SD, potential plasma membrane roman H+-ATPase activity of roots decreased as electrolyte leakage increased and extracellular resistance decreased, but this relationship was lost during H1 and H2. The present study demonstrates the lack of hardening capacity in the fine roots of Scots pine seedlings at nonfreezing temperatures and the increased mortality of the young seedlings having frost damage on roots.

Effects of elevated CO2, nutrition and climatic warming on bud phenology in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and their impact on the risk of frost damage

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (7-8-9) ◽  
pp. 691-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Murray ◽  
R. I. Smith ◽  
I. D. Leith ◽  
D. Fowler ◽  
H. S. J. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Climatic Warming ◽  
Bud Phenology
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