The Droplets Produced by Individual Bubbles Bursting on a Sea Water Surface

1999 ◽  
pp. 291-325
Author(s):  
Donald E. Spiel
Keyword(s):  
Water Surface ◽  
Sea Water

scholarly journals CHARACTERISTICS OF UHF WAVES DISTRIBUTION IN LAND AND WATER SURFACE TROPOSPHERIC WAVEGUIDE

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
Oxana Vladimirovna Kalambatskaya ◽  
Oleg Nickolaevich Pishchin
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Cellular Communication ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Surface Atmospheric Layer ◽  
Cellular Communication Systems

The article considers examples of ultra-long propagation of UHF radio waves in mobile cellular communication systems. The phenomena are mainly observed in the Astrakhan region in the spring-summer period (May-June) and are presumably associated with sharp seasonal changes of air temperature followed by rains. The effect of temperature inversion results in changing the refraction index in the surface layer and, as a result, in changing the wave direction as the effect of superrefraction in the surface atmospheric layer. The properties of radio waves in their propagation in the land and sea-water surface waveguide are investigated. The values of the heights of land and sea-water surface tropospheric waveguides for cellular communication systems of different ranges are obtained. The features of existing of tropospheric land and sea-water surface tropospheric waveguides are described. The need to use their properties in the mobile communication systems design is stated.

scholarly journals O limite marítimo do estuário do Sado a partir de imagens satelitais

Finisterra ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (59/60) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugénia Albergaria Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Data Classification ◽  
Landsat Data ◽  
Delta Front ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Estuary Mouth ◽  
Multispectral Data ◽  
Sado Estuary

SEA-SIDE LIMIT OF SADO ESTUARY IN LANDSAT IMAGERIES - The outside limit of Sado estuary corresponds to the submarine delta front, with an arcuate and digitate contour. It was individualised on the MSS Landsat data imageries. Multispectral data classification allowed to verify that the turbidity-plum of Sado estuary mouth rather corresponds to the low-sea-water surface associated to the brightness of the bottom sediments, that to the water turbidity content.

scholarly journals Monitoring of Dead Sea water surface variation using multi-temporal satellite data and GIS

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 3241-3248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samih Al Rawashdeh ◽  
Rami Ruzouq ◽  
A’kif Al-Fugara ◽  
Biswajeet Pradhan ◽  
S. H. Abu-Hamatteh Ziad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Surface Variation ◽  
Multi Temporal

Spectral-temporal characteristics of plasma induced by a nanosecond laser pulse at the sea water surface

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Il’in ◽  
O. A. Bukin ◽  
A. V. Bulanov ◽  
I. G. Nagornyi ◽  
S. S. Golik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Pulse ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Nanosecond Laser Pulse ◽  
Nanosecond Laser ◽  
Temporal Characteristics

Development of new calculation method for zenith troposphere delay of GPS signals

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
R.A. Eminov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Function ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Correlation Ratio ◽  
Calculation Technique ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Correlation Properties

Beginning from 1980s, the steady increase of total amount of deposited water or general amount of water vapor in the atmosphere almost above all regions of the Earth is observed. The changing of this parameter over the oceans strongly correlates with the temperature of sea water surface both in time and space. Obviously, the increase of total amount of deposited water or sum amount of water vapor leads to the growth of corresponding components of troposphere delay of GPS signals called “wet delay”. To achieve the goal set, foremost, the correlation properties of “wet delay” of GPS signals associated with the regularities of changing of total amount of deposited water in the atmosphere have been studied. Carried out analysis of actual materials of correlation properties of “wet” troposphere delay justified the presence of the aspects negatively affecting the correlation ratio of total amount of deposited water. Special correlation indexes allowing to regulate the balance of separate components of correlation function of “wet delay” are offered and their extreme nature shown as well. A new calculation technique for zenith wet delay by set value of integrated parameters of water vapor in the atmosphere has been developed.

scholarly journals Sea water surface energy balance in the Arctic fjord (Hornsund, SW Spitsbergen) in May–November 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 959-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Fortuniak ◽  
Rajmund Przybylak ◽  
Andrzej Araźny ◽  
Włodzimierz Pawlak ◽  
Przemysław Wyszyński
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Surface Energy Balance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Fjord

scholarly journals Assessing Sensitivity of Hyperspectral Sensor to Detect Oils with Sea Ice

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingxin Liu ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Liang Han
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Infrared Region ◽  
Pack Ice ◽  
Assessing Sensitivity ◽  
Oil Type ◽  
Hyperspectral Sensor

The reflectance of two commonly used oils, crude oil and diesel, is measured under various conditions: on a water surface, among pack ice, and on/beneath compact ice. The spectral characteristics of each oil are analyzed using the results from these measures. In conjunction with estimated noise thresholds of the sensor environment, the theoretical potential to identify oil is assessed for the hyperspectral Hyperion. The hyperspectral sensor is more sensitive to the crude oil than to diesel under all conditions. The visible and infrared bands, from 468 nm to 933 nm, are more suitable to identify the crude oil. In addition, when the background is pack ice, the infrared region from 1134 nm to 1326 nm is another potential useful zone. Through the visible-to-infrared bands, the sensitivity to the existence of diesel is inferior to that of crude oil. Relatively, the bands greater than 1134 nm have the potential to separate diesel from the water or sea ice. These characteristics and sensitivity of oil film in terms of ice and oil type can be effectively used to select suitable bands to distinguish oils from sea water and sea ice.

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