scholarly journals Expectations for Carbon Pricing in Japan in the Global Climate Policy Context

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kojima ◽  
Kenji Asakawa
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Carbon Pricing ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Historical Progress ◽  
High Level ◽  
Pricing Schemes ◽  
Carbon Prices

Abstract Realizing a decarbonized society in consistent with the Paris Agreement, a fundamental transformation of the entire economic and social system is needed, and not only carbon intensive sectors but also all sectors and all stakeholders including households must be decarbonized. This chapter demonstrates increasing expectations for carbon pricing in Japan in this global policy context. After the review of the global trend of carbon pricing, historical progress of carbon pricing in Japan and the existing nation-wide carbon tax, i.e. the Global Warming Countermeasure Tax, is explained. There are also two sub-national carbon pricing schemes in Japan, Tokyo ETS and Saitama ETS, which are explained in Chaps. 10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_6 and 10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_7 respectively, and not focused in this chapter. We examine the claim that Japan has already implemented high level carbon pricing in terms of various forms of energy taxes. Based on the effective carbon rate which is defined by OECD as the sum of explicit carbon prices and fossil fuel taxes per carbon emission, the nationwide average effective carbon rate of Japan is lower than the average effective carbon rates of OECD countries and its key partner countries. The current carbon pricing schemes in Japan are too modest to realize decarbonization transition and there is a room to upgrade them to exploit full potential of carbon pricing. This chapter discusses adequate levels of carbon prices in compatible with decarbonization transition.

scholarly journals Effective Carbon Prices and Sub-Global Climate Cooperation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Dominioni
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Carbon Markets ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Carbon Pricing ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Standard Design ◽  
Environmental Effectiveness ◽  
Design Options ◽  
Carbon Prices ◽  
Change Mitigation

Scholarly and policy interest in carbon pricing coalitions is growing. Existing research analyzes design features that can increase the environmental effectiveness and political resilience of coalitions centered around carbon taxes and carbon markets (i.e. explicit carbon pricing). This article is the first that analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of building carbon pricing coalitions around effective carbon pricing compared to the standard design that focuses on explicit carbon pricing. In this article, measures of effective carbon prices include carbon prices implemented via carbon taxes, carbon markets, fuel taxes, and fossil fuel subsidies reforms. The article describes four design options to build carbon pricing coalitions - three built on measures of effective carbon pricing and one that focuses exclusively on explicit carbon pricing - and benchmarks them against six criteria. The key results are that building carbon pricing coalitions around effective carbon prices has various advantages over the most common alternative discussed in the literature. These advantages include higher transparency, broader participation, higher legitimacy of the coalition, and more substantial involvement of Finance Ministries in climate change mitigation. These advantages might translate in comparable or even higher environmental effectiveness than coalitions that focuses exclusively on explicit carbon pricing.

scholarly journals Effective Carbon Prices and Sub-Global Climate Cooperation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Dominioni
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Carbon Markets ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Carbon Pricing ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Standard Design ◽  
Environmental Effectiveness ◽  
Design Options ◽  
Carbon Prices ◽  
Change Mitigation

Scholarly and policy interest in carbon pricing coalitions is growing. Existing research analyzes design features that can increase the environmental effectiveness and political resilience of coalitions centered around carbon taxes and carbon markets (i.e. explicit carbon pricing). This article is the first that analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of building carbon pricing coalitions around effective carbon pricing compared to the standard design that focuses on explicit carbon pricing. Measures of effective carbon prices include carbon prices implemented via carbon taxes, carbon markets, fuel taxes, and fossil fuel subsidies reforms. The article describes four design options to build carbon pricing coalitions - three built on measures of effective carbon pricing and one that focuses exclusively on explicit carbon pricing - and benchmarks them against five criteria. The key results are that building carbon pricing coalitions around effective carbon prices has various advantages over the most common alternative discussed in the literature. These advantages include higher transparency, potential greater breadth and legitimacy of the coalition, and a more substantial involvement of Finance Ministries in climate change mitigation. These advantages might translate in comparable or even higher environmental effectiveness than coalitions that focuses exclusively on explicit carbon pricing.

Echinoderm skeletal crystallography and paleobiological applications

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 191-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Bodenbender
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Structure ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Coarse Scale ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Plate Morphology ◽  
Oriented Parallel ◽  
High Level

The crystallographic orientations of echinoderm skeletal elements can supplement standard morphological comparisons in the exploration of echinoderm evolution. At a coarse scale, many echinoderms share a crystallographic pattern in whichcaxes radiate away from the axis of pentaradial symmetry. Within this common pattern, however,caxes of different taxa can differ dramatically in their degree of variability, angles of inclination, and relationships to the external morphology of skeletal elements. Crystallographic data reflect a variety of taxon-specific influences and therefore reveal different information in different taxa. In echinoids, orientations ofcaxes in coronal plates correlate well with high-level taxonomic groupings, whilecaxes of apical plates record modes of larval development. In blastoids,caxes of radial plates have a structural interpretation, with thecaxis oriented parallel to the orientation of the surface of the radial plate during its initial growth stages. In crinoids,caxes do not correlate with taxonomic group, plate morphology, or developmental sequence, but instead correlate with relative positions of skeletal elements on the calyx. Although their full potential has yet to be explored, the varied crystallographic patterns in echinoderms have been used to clarify skeletal structure, characterize developmental anomalies, and infer homologies of skeletal plates both within specimens and between groups. A axes are less constrained in their orientations thancaxes and offer less promise of revealing novel paleobiological information.

Cyclic Methylsiloxanes as Working Fluids for Space Power Cycles

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Angelino ◽  
C. Invernizzi
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Working Fluids ◽  
Power Cycles ◽  
Thermodynamic Performance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Organic Fluids ◽  
Large Wheel ◽  
Turbine Exhaust ◽  
Fast Rotating

The potential merits of cyclic polymethylsiloxanes, particularly those conventionally denominated D4 and D5, as working fluids for space power cycles are discussed. The attractive technical characteristics of these substances which are fully nontoxic, moderately flammable, and stable at high temperature are presented. Some experimental results on vapor pressure and on thermal stability are reported. A maximum operating temperature of about 400°C appears achievable. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis comparing siloxanes with other classes of high temperature fluids is performed. The peculiar characters of siloxane cycles are found to be: a good overall efficiency achieved through a massive regeneration, a moderate expansion work, and an abundant volume flow at turbine exhaust. A number of two-stage turbines for two power levels (i.e., 30 and 5 kW) were designed using an appropriate optimization program. The resulting main features of such expanders were a satisfactory efficiency, a low rotating and peripheral speed, and a comparatively large wheel diameter. These characteristics seem of particular interest for low capacity systems where, with other fluids, turbines tend to be impractically small and fast rotating and where a high level of regeneration becomes more acceptable. In considering for the sake of comparison the thermodynamic performance of many classes of organic fluids, it becomes apparent that the full potential of organic power cycles in view of the variety of future needs has not yet been thoroughly investigated.

scholarly journals The European Green Deal and Climate Policy of the New Independent States

2021 ◽  
pp. 164-182
Author(s):  
E. Burkova
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
National Development ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Transition Mechanism ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Independent States ◽  
New Independent States ◽  
The Eu

This article considers the most relevant component of the global environmental problem – the climate one. The article aims to identify the reaction of a national state to the global climate challenge. The subject of consideration is climate policy and, more broadly, the whole set of reactions of the political sphere of society to the global climate change. Among the tasks set by the author is to understand the nature of setting and solving new climatic environmental problems, to find out how they fit into national development strategies, to establish the interdependence of the climate ambitions of countries with the type of development, the carbon intensity of their economies, the structure of exports, the degree of energy independence. The solution of these tasks is carried out on the example of a number of new independent states (including CIS ones). A brief comparative analysis of these countries’ and the EU climate activities is carried out. The breakthrough event of the European environmental policy – the Green Deal of 2019 is taken as a starting point for the analysis. The main attention is paid to the key instrument of the EU climate policy today – the border carbon tax. Additional attention is paid to the observance of the principles of social justice in the implementation of new environmental activities (a just transition mechanism). The paper pays special attention to the role of Russia in the global climatic process. An assessment of the state of the climate segment of the environmental protection industry of our country, as well as the prospects for its development, is given.

A CGE Analysis of the Effects of Global Climate Change Mitigation Policies on India

2018 ◽  
pp. 573-590
Author(s):  
Basanta K. Pradhan ◽  
Joydeep Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Mitigation Policy ◽  
Change Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Policies

This paper compares the effects of a global carbon tax and a global emissions trading regime on India using a dynamic CGE framework. The sensitivity of the results to the value of a crucial elasticity parameter is also analysed. The results suggest that the choice of the mitigation policy is relatively unimportant from an efficiency perspective. However, the choice of the mitigation policy and the value of the substitution elasticity between value added and energy were found to be important determinants of welfare effects. Global climate change mitigation policies have the potential for promoting low carbon and inclusive growth in India.

scholarly journals In vivo optical cellular diagnosis for uterine cervical or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia using flexible gastrointestinal endocytoscopy -a prospective pilot study-

BMC Cancer ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoko Ono ◽  
Ayako Nozaki ◽  
Kana Matsuda ◽  
Emi Takakuwa ◽  
Naoya Sakamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Observer Agreement ◽  
Optical Biopsy ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Guided Biopsy ◽  
Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
High Level

Abstract Backgrouund For patients with any kind of atypical squamous intraepithelial lesion of the uterine cervix or vagina, colposcopy and punch biopsy are common procedures for histological determination following cytology. However, colposcopy-guided biopsy does not provide a high level of diagnostic accuracy. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of optical biopsy in vivo using endocytoscopy compared with conventional procedures using colposcopy. Methods Between May 2018 and March 2019, patients who were scheduled for cervical conization or mapping biopsies of the vagina were prospectively enrolled. Endocytoscopy was performed by senior endoscopists prior to scheduled procedures, and endocytoscopic images and biopsy samples were taken from the most prominent site and surrounding area of the cervical or vaginal lesions. The collection process of images was randomized and anonymous, and three doctors separately evaluated the images according to the ECA classification. ECA 4 and 5 are indicative of endoscopic malignancy. The primary endpoint was diagnostic accuracy (benign or malignant: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) 3 or worse) of cell images at the most prominent site in each patient. Results A total of 28 consecutive patients were enrolled. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of endocytoscopic images were 95.0% (84.8–98.6%), 87.5% (61.9–96.5%), 95.0% (84.8–98.6%), 87.5% (61.9–96.5%) and 92.9% (78.2–98.0%), respectively. Inter-observer agreement among three reviewers was 0.78 (0.08–9.88, P < 0.01). On the other hand, the accuracy of colposcopy-guided biopsy was 74.1% (64.0–84.0%). Conclusions Optical cell diagnosis of cervical or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia using endocytoscopy provides a high level of diagnostic accuracy. Trial registration The study was registered with the UMIN database (ID: 000031712). UMIN000031712. Registered 16 March 2017,

Anti-politics and Global Climate Inaction: The Case of the Australian Carbon Tax

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 623-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Copland
Keyword(s):  
Climate Policy ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
New Class ◽  
Working People ◽  
Trading Scheme ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement ◽  
Climate Crisis

Action on climate change has enjoyed popular support in most Western countries. Despite this, successive governments have struggled to implement policy to tackle this issue. Using the case of opposition to the Clean Energy Act, passed in Australia to establish an emissions trading scheme, this paper argues that a growing and broad sentiment of distrust in political elites, described as ‘anti-politics’, can explain some of this contradiction. Particular forms of climate policy, in particular emissions trading schemes, have been successfully framed as policies that appeal to the interests of a new class of liberal elites while hurting ordinary working people. This frame was used successfully in Australia by conservative forces to oppose the Clean Energy Act. While used cynically by political leaders in this case, the paper argues that anti-political sentiment reflects genuine concerns about the detachment between the state and voting population. This detachment is reflected in neoliberal climate policies. Through briefly examining the cases of the Trump Administration’s withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement and the Gilets Jaunes protest movement, the paper argues that while formulating climate policy we must consider anti-political sentiment, developing responses to the climate crisis from a bottom-up rather than top-down approach.

scholarly journals Evidence That Runt Acts as a Counter-Repressor of Groucho During Drosophila melanogaster Primary Sex Determination

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2487-2496
Author(s):  
Sharvani Mahadeveraju ◽  
Young-Ho Jung ◽  
James W. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Regulatory Gene ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Interaction Domain ◽  
Link Type ◽  
High Level ◽  
Runx Proteins

Runx proteins are bifunctional transcription factors that both repress and activate transcription in animal cells. Typically, Runx proteins work in concert with other transcriptional regulators, including co-activators and co-repressors to mediate their biological effects. In Drosophila melanogaster the archetypal Runx protein, Runt, functions in numerous processes including segmentation, neurogenesis and sex determination. During primary sex determination Runt acts as one of four X-linked signal element (XSE) proteins that direct female-specific activation of the establishment promoter (Pe) of the master regulatory gene Sex-lethal (Sxl). Successful activation of SxlPe requires that the XSE proteins overcome the repressive effects of maternally deposited Groucho (Gro), a potent co-repressor of the Gro/TLE family. Runx proteins, including Runt, contain a C-terminal peptide, VWRPY, known to bind to Gro/TLE proteins to mediate transcriptional repression. We show that Runt’s VWRPY co-repressor-interaction domain is needed for Runt to activate SxlPe. Deletion of the Gro-interaction domain eliminates Runt-ability to activate SxlPe, whereas replacement with a higher affinity, VWRPW, sequence promotes Runt-mediated transcription. This suggests that Runt may activate SxlPe by antagonizing Gro function, a conclusion consistent with earlier findings that Runt is needed for Sxl expression only in embryonic regions with high Gro activity. Surprisingly we found that Runt is not required for the initial activation of SxlPe. Instead, Runt is needed to keep SxlPe active during the subsequent period of high-level Sxl transcription suggesting that Runt helps amplify the difference between female and male XSE signals by counter-repressing Gro in female, but not in male, embryos.

Applying bibliometric mapping in a high level science policy context

2008 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed C. M. Noyons ◽  
Clara Calero-Medina
Keyword(s):  
Science Policy ◽  
Bibliometric Mapping ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
High Level
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