Region of Interest-Based Encryption of Biomedical Image

The sensory end organ of the ear, the organ of Corti, rests on a thin basilar membrane which lies between the bone of the central modiolus and the bony wall of the cochlea. In vivo, the organ of Corti is protected by the bony wall which totally surrounds it. In order to examine the sensory epithelium by scanning electron microscopy it is necessary to dissect away the protective bone and expose the region of interest (Fig. 1). This leaves the fragile organ of Corti susceptible to physical damage during subsequent handling. In our laboratory cochlear specimens, after dissection, are routinely prepared by the O-T- O-T-O technique, critical point dried and then lightly sputter coated with gold. This processing involves considerable specimen handling including several hours on a rotator during which the organ of Corti is at risk of being physically damaged. The following procedure uses low cost, readily available materials to hold the specimen during processing ,preventing physical damage while allowing an unhindered exchange of fluids.Following fixation, the cochlea is dehydrated to 70% ethanol then dissected under ethanol to prevent air drying. The holder is prepared by punching a hole in the flexible snap cap of a Wheaton vial with a paper hole punch. A small amount of two component epoxy putty is well mixed then pushed through the hole in the cap. The putty on the inner cap is formed into a “cup” to hold the specimen (Fig. 2), the putty on the outside is smoothed into a “button” to give good attachment even when the cap is flexed during handling (Fig. 3). The cap is submerged in the 70% ethanol, the bone at the base of the cochlea is seated into the cup and the sides of the cup squeezed with forceps to grip it (Fig.4). Several types of epoxy putty have been tried, most are either soluble in ethanol to some degree or do not set in ethanol. The only putty we find successful is “DUROtm MASTERMENDtm Epoxy Extra Strength Ribbon” (Loctite Corp., Cleveland, Ohio), this is a blue and yellow ribbon which is kneaded to form a green putty, it is available at many hardware stores.

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Evidence for and against chromosome 5q as a region of interest in asthma and atopy

Clinical & Experimental Allergy ◽

10.1046/j.1365-2222.1996.d01-393.x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 861-864

Author(s):

J. Wilkinson ◽

S. T. Holgate

Keyword(s):

Region Of Interest ◽

Chromosome 5Q

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Measurement of regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis with L-[1-11C]leucine and PET with correction for recycling of tissue amino acids: Comparison of region of interest and voxel-based analyses

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism ◽

10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9591524.0601 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. S601-S601

Author(s):

Kathleen C Schmidt ◽

Carolyn Beebe Smith

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Region Of Interest ◽

Cerebral Protein Synthesis

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Quantitative accuracy of serotonergic neurotrans-mission imaging with high-resolution 123I SPECT

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1623914 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 43 (06) ◽

pp. 185-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. T. Kuikka

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Scatter Correction ◽

Region Of Interest ◽

Binding Potential ◽

Partial Volume ◽

Therapeutic Drugs ◽

Quantitative Accuracy ◽

Critical Error ◽

Statistical Noise

Summary Aim: Serotonin transporter (SERT) imaging can be used to study the role of regional abnormalities of neurotransmitter release in various mental disorders and to study the mechanism of action of therapeutic drugs or drugs’ abuse. We examine the quantitative accuracy and reproducibility that can be achieved with high-resolution SPECT of serotonergic neurotransmission. Method: Binding potential (BP) of 123I labeled tracer specific for midbrain SERT was assessed in 20 healthy persons. The effects of scatter, attenuation, partial volume, mis-registration and statistical noise were estimated using phantom and human studies. Results: Without any correction, BP was underestimated by 73%. The partial volume error was the major component in this underestimation whereas the most critical error for the reproducibility was misplacement of region of interest (ROI). Conclusion: The proper ROI registration, the use of the multiple head gamma camera with transmission based scatter correction introduce more relevant results. However, due to the small dimensions of the midbrain SERT structures and poor spatial resolution of SPECT, the improvement without the partial volume correction is not great enough to restore the estimate of BP to that of the true one.

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DMSA-scintigraphy in paediatrics: Is the evaluation of the geometric mean necessary for the calculation of the differential renal function?

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1625921 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 40 (04) ◽

pp. 107-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

B. Roßmüller ◽

S. Alalp ◽

S. Fischer ◽

S. Dresel ◽

K. Hahn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renal Function ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Region Of Interest ◽

Posterior View ◽

Renal Abnormality ◽

Anterior View ◽

Differential Renal Function ◽

The Mean ◽

The Right ◽

To Receive

SummaryFor assessment of differential renal function (PF) by means of static renal scintigraphy with Tc-99m-dimer-captosuccinic acid (DMSA) the calculation of the geometric mean of counts from the anterior and posterior view is recommended. Aim of this retrospective study was to find out, if the anterior view is necessary to receive an accurate differential renal function by calculating the geometric mean compared to calculating PF using the counts of the posterior view only. Methods: 164 DMSA-scans of 151 children (86 f, 65 m) aged 16 d to 16 a (4.7 ± 3.9 a) were reviewed. The scans were performed using a dual head gamma camera (Picker Prism 2000 XP, low energy ultra high resolution collimator, matrix 256 x 256,300 kcts/view, Zoom: 1.6-2.0). Background corrected values from both kidneys anterior and posterior were obtained. Using region of interest technique PF was calculated using the counts of the dorsal view and compared with the calculated geometric mean [SQR(Ctsdors x Ctsventr]. Results: The differential function of the right kidney was significantly less when compared to the calculation of the geometric mean (p<0.01). The mean difference between the PFgeom and the PFdors was 1.5 ± 1.4%. A difference > 5% (5.0-9.5%) was obtained in only 6/164 scans (3.7%). Three of 6 patients presented with an underestimated PFdors due to dystopic kidneys on the left side in 2 patients and on the right side in one patient. The other 3 patients with a difference >5% did not show any renal abnormality. Conclusion: The calculation of the PF from the posterior view only will give an underestimated value of the right kidney compared to the calculation of the geometric mean. This effect is not relevant for the calculation of the differntial renal function in orthotopic kidneys, so that in these cases the anterior view is not necesssary. However, geometric mean calculation to obtain reliable values for differential renal function should be applied in cases with an obvious anatomical abnormality.

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Investigations on skeletal growth zones via bone scans as base of determination of optimal time for surgery in mandibular asymmetry

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1632257 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 39 (05) ◽

pp. 121-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Werz ◽

P. Reuland

Keyword(s):

Bone Growth ◽

Region Of Interest ◽

Tracer Uptake ◽

Optimal Time ◽

Mandibular Bone ◽

The Third ◽

Mandibular Asymmetry ◽

Bone Scans ◽

Epiphyseal Plates

Summary Aim of the study was to find out wether there is a common stop of growth of mandibular bone, so that no individual determination of the optimal time for surgery in patients with asymmetric mandibular bone growth is needed. As there are no epiphyseal plates in the mandibular bone, stop of growth cannot be determined on X-ray films. Methods: Bone scans of 731 patients [687 patients (324 male, 363 female) under 39 y for exact determination of end of growth and 44 (21 male, 23 female) patients over 40 y for evaluation of nongrowth dependant differences in tracer uptake] were reviewed for the study. All the patients were examined 3 hours after injection of 99mTc-DPD. Tracer uptake was measured by region of interest technique in different points of the mandibular bone and in several epiphyseal plates of extremities. Results: Tracer uptake in different epiphyseal plates of the extremities shows strong variation with age and good correlation with reported data of bone growth and closure of the epiphyseal plates. The relative maximum of bone activity is smaller in mandibular bone than in epiphyseal plates, which show well defined peaks, ending at 15-18 years in females and at 18-21 years in males. In contrast, mandibular bone shows no well defined end of growing but a gradually reduction of bone activity which remains higher than bone activity in epiphyseal plates over several years. Conclusion: No well defined end of growth of mandibular bone exists. The optimal age for surgery of asymmetric mandibular bone growth is not before the middle of the third decade of life, bone scans performed earlier for determination of bone growth can be omitted. Bone scans performed at the middle of the third decade of life help to optimize the time of surgical intervention.

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Comparison of Quantification Methods of111In-Labelled Platelet Deposition in Peripheral Bypass Grafts

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1628869 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 26 (02) ◽

pp. 87-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. Verbruggen ◽

C. De Bakker ◽

A. Vandecruys ◽

J. Joosten ◽

A. Nevelsteen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gamma Camera ◽

Reliable Method ◽

Survival Curve ◽

Region Of Interest ◽

Reference Region ◽

Visual Interpretation ◽

Bypass Grafts ◽

Antithrombotic Drugs ◽

Exponential Regression ◽

Peripheral Bypass

The action of antithrombotic drugs can be evaluated by measuring the deposition of111In-labelled platelets on peripheral bypass grafts several days after injection. This evaluation can be performed qualitatively (visual interpretation on the daily images) or quantitatively. Four different methods which calculate the ratio of platelet uptake with a reference region are compared: two methods use a gamma camera and two a detector. A blood sample or the region under the sternal angle are used as reference. The daily ratio of the counts, recorded by a gamma camera in a region of interest covering the graft, and the blood radioactivity interpolated from a platelet survival curve appears to be the most reliable method. The information of all the ratios can be combined in a single thrombogenicity index which reflects the daily rise of a linear or exponential regression versus time.

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Measurement of Renal Parenchymal Transit Time of 99mTc-MAG3 Using Factor Analysis

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1629527 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 29 (04) ◽

pp. 170-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. V. Yester ◽

Eva Dubovsky ◽

C. D. Russell

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Transit Time ◽

Region Of Interest ◽

Initial Slope ◽

Cortical Region ◽

Time Activity ◽

Appearance Time ◽

Activity Curve ◽

System Factor ◽

Collecting System

Renal parenchymal transit time of the recently introduced radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-MAG3 (mercaptoacetylglycylglylcylglycinel) was measured in 37 kidneys, using factor analysis to separate parenchymal activity from that in the collecting system. A new factor algorithm was employed, based on prior interpolative background subtraction and use of the fact that the initial slope of the collecting system factor time-activity curve must be zero. The only operator intervention required was selection of a rectangular region enclosing the kidney (by identifying two points at opposite corners). Transit time was calculated from the factor time-activity curves both by deconvolution of the parenchymal factor curve and also by measuring the appearance time for collecting system activity from the collecting system factor curve. There was substantial agreement between the two methods. Factor analysis led to a narrower range of normal values than a conventional cortical region-of-interest method, presumably by decreasing crosstalk from the collecting system. In preliminary trials, the parenchymal transit time did not well separate four obstructed from seventeen unobstructed kidneys, but it successfully (p <0.05) separated six transplanted kidneys with acute rejection or acute tubular necrosis from 10 normal transplants.

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