scholarly journals Sweden: Early Adopter of Formal Banking Supervision with Incremental Steps

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Eiji Hotori ◽  
Mikael Wendschlag ◽  
Thibaud Giddey
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Early Adopter ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
The Creation

AbstractThe banking supervision in Sweden was formalized incrementally over the last half of the nineteenth century when the banking sector grew and modernized. Swedish banking regulation developed out of the charter requirement, and the supervision out of the administration of the growing number of charter applications. With the creation of the Bank Bureau within the Ministry of Finance and the development of the Bank Inspector profession in the 1860s and 1870s, banking supervisory activities such as on- and off-site examinations became more frequent and standardized. The creation of the independent agency, the Bank Inspection Board, in 1906, and the transfer of supervisory executive powers from the Ministry of Finance to the new supervisory agency, were the final step of the formalization process. During the same period, banking regulation was harmonized and furthered a process of centralizations to the authorities in Stockholm.

Banking regulation and supervision: lessons from the czech republic

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Matoušek
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Regulation And Supervision ◽  
Banking Regulation And Supervision ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Made In

We have concentrated on the current issues linked to the goals of banking regulation and supervision. Attention has been focused mainly on the problem of entry into and exit form the banking sector and the institutional framework banking supervision as a whole. Although we are aware that the present situation in emerging markets is far from that of standard economies, we argue that remarkable progress has been made in creating an appropriate banking system since the beginning of the 1996.

5. International banking supervision and regulatory architecture

2019 ◽  
pp. 189-230
Author(s):  
Iris H-Y Chiu ◽  
Joanna Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
International Banking ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Financial Architecture ◽  
Basel Committee ◽  
Regulatory Architecture ◽  
International Financial Architecture ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Creation

This chapter assesses international banking supervision. The solution to the issues in international banking has been the development of procedures that seek to encourage coordination or cooperation between national supervisors. This has been facilitated by the creation of international organisations that have allowed large numbers of countries to discuss, agree, and promote not only supervisory standards, but also regulatory rules. Together, these organisations constitute the international financial architecture that seeks to ensure financial stability by addressing a number of different issues. Two of the key bodies in international banking regulation include the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and the Financial Stability Board (FSB). Ultimately, the proliferation of international banking in recent decades, and the need to ensure that banking supervision takes place on a consolidated basis, has led to calls for the creation of a single global regulator.

scholarly journals Japan: Formalization of Banking Supervision Including a Reversal

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-64
Author(s):  
Eiji Hotori ◽  
Mikael Wendschlag ◽  
Thibaud Giddey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Examination Process

AbstractThis chapter deals with the case of Japan, which experienced a reversal of the formalization of banking supervision. Additionally, this chapter outlines the on-site examination process and the main objectives of bank examinations. During the initial adoption of formal banking supervision, its main role was the “education” of bankers rather than proper prudential oversight. Formal banking supervision was suspended between 1893 and 1914 but was reintroduced in response to requests from both bankers and the government. This reversal reflected the development of the Japanese economy in the 1900s and 1910s, and thus the main driver of the formalization of banking supervision in Japan was not a financial crisis. The gradual development of the banking sector and better-educated bankers in the early twentieth century provided the background for the transformation of the supervisor’s role. The formalization process was completed with the enactment of the Banking Act of 1927 and the creation of the Bank Inspection Section within the Ministry of Finance in 1927.

Migration trajectories of seafarers during the transition from sail to steam: Change and continuity in Antwerp, 1850-1900

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 616-635
Author(s):  
Kristof Loockx
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Skilled Labour ◽  
The Creation

This article examines the migration trajectories of seafarers who worked on Belgian merchant vessels departing from the port of Antwerp during the second half of the nineteenth century. Based on the Antwerp seamen’s registry, which recorded information on voyages of seafarers on Belgian merchant vessels departing from Belgium’s main commercial port, this article shows that Antwerp’s maritime recruitment area vastly expanded with the advent of steam. The proportion of low-skilled seafarers who originated from inland areas increased as a result of the creation of new departments aboard ship and the emergence of ocean liners. However, established migration fields remained important for the supply of skilled labour in deck departments, which indicates that there was also continuity. The findings suggest that each department had its own dynamics and therefore old and new patterns co-evolved during a period of transition.

scholarly journals Mass Petitioning, Education Reform, and the Development of Political Culture in Madras, 1839–1842

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Scott Travanion Connors
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Creation

Abstract This article explores the emergence of reformist sentiment and political culture in Madras in the mid-nineteenth century. Moreover, it contributes to, and expands upon, the growing body of literature on colonial petitioning through a case-study of a mass petition demanding education reform. Signed in 1839 by 70,000 subjects from across the Madras presidency, the petition demanded the creation of a university that would qualify western-educated Indians to gain employment in the high public offices of the East India Company. Through an analysis of the lifecycle of this education petition, from its creation to its reception and the subsequent adoption of its demands by the Company government at Fort St George, this article charts the process by which an emergent, politicized public engaged with, and critiqued, the colonial state. Finally, it examines the transformative effect that the practice of mass petitioning had on established modes of political activism and communication between an authoritarian colonial state and the society it governed.

scholarly journals CYCLICAL HISTORY IN THE GAMBIA/CASAMANCE BORDERLANDS: REFUGE, SETTLEMENT AND ISLAM FROM c. 1880 TO THE PRESENT

2007 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL NUGENT
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
Border Zone ◽  
The Creation

ABSTRACTThis article begins with a quotation from a local informant highlighting a perception in the Gambia/Casamance borderlands that there is a pattern linking the violence of the later nineteenth century with more recent troubles. It argues that there is some merit in this thesis, which is encapsulated in a concatenation of events: systematic raiding by Fodé Sylla led to the creation of a relatively depopulated colonial border zone which was later filled by Jola immigrants from Buluf to the southeast. In the perception of some, it is these immigrants who attracted the MFDC rebels. Mandinkas and Jolas of Fogny Jabankunda and Narang, and Karoninkas from the islands of Karone have therefore been largely unreceptive to appeals to Casamance nationalism. The article also argues that there are more twisted historical connections. Whereas in the later nineteenth century, the Jolas associated Islam with violent enslavement, they later converted en masse. Their attitude towards Fodé Sylla remained negative, whilst the Mauritanian marabout, Cheikh Mahfoudz, was credited with the introduction of a pacific form of Islam that valorized hard work and legitimated physical migration. This legacy has posed a further barrier to militant nationalism. Islam and violence remain linked, but the signs have been reversed.

‘She will wear the britsch’: Masculinity and the iconography of Prince Albert

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 199-222
Author(s):  
Hannah Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Performance Studies ◽  
Art History ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Masculine Ideology ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Female Rule ◽  
And Performance

This article examines the early representations of Prince Albert that either satirize or attempt to reconcile the hierarchical ambiguities and issue of threatened masculinity that resulted from unconventional male consortship and female rule. It concludes that the latter was achieved through the development of a suitable and legible iconography for a nineteenth-century male consort in adherence with British iconographic tradition and values. Drawing from methods in nineteenth-century art history as well as gender and performance studies and anthropology, it argues that images of the male body play a fundamental role in the construction and perpetuation of masculine ideology and subjectivity through the creation of the semblance of an innate and axiomatic masculine archetype. In doing so, this article problematizes and historicizes masculinity by illuminating the plurality of expressions of masculinity and rejecting the essentialist narrative of masculinity as something measurable or quantifiable, as well as ahistorical, atemporal, apolitical and heteronormative.

scholarly journals A Vigorous Affirmation of Life: Slaves in the Face of Dehumanization

Elements ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Nista
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
American South ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Power Struggle ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Chattel Slavery ◽  
Affirmation Of Life ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The American South

For a slave living under the system of chattel slavery in the American South during the nineteenth century, avenues of self-expression were extremely limited. One of the few ways slaves could exert control over their own lives was through singing and dancing. These arts gave slaves a chance to relieve stress and establish a culture through the creation of musical instruments, songs, and dances. All of these contained hints at the true nature of slaves’ feelings towards the system that oppressed them, feelings that they had to frequently repress. However, despite slaves’ efforts to make this culture entirely their own, masters tried to find ways to use it to their advantage instead of to the slaves’ benefit. The resulting covert power struggle sometimes ended in favor of the masters, taking the form of regulations on slaves’ dances, requirement of the performance of songs and dances for the masters’ entertainment, and even abuse of slaves by using their own arts. Ultimately, however, slaves emerged victorious because of the hidden messages in their songs and dances. Though this method of coping could not erase all the masters did, it was at least one glimmer of hope.

scholarly journals Does the New European Banking Regulation discourage Earnings Management?

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Di Martino ◽  
Grazia Dicuonzo ◽  
Graziana Galeone ◽  
Vittorio Dell'Atti
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Loan Loss ◽  
Minimum Capital ◽  
Loan Loss Provisions ◽  
European Banking ◽  
Single Rulebook

In the recent past, the financial crisis has shown important lacks in the EU regulation relating to the banking sector, making the introduction of a unified regulatory framework necessary. Since June 2009 the European Council has recommended a “Single Rulebook”, that is a unique and harmonizing discipline applicable to all financial institutions in the Single Market, become effective on January 2014. This prudential discipline requires much more minimum capital, liquidity and information transparency and it defines format and minimum standards of contents.The aim of this research is to investigate the relation between the new mandatory disclosure and earnings management policies in banking sector realized through Loan Loss Provisions (LLP), the component of income statement mainly subject to manipulations, especially in form of earnings smoothing. Because the new integrated regulatory framework requires a more transparent disclosure, we expected that accruals manipulation (basically LLP) could be discouraged. The empirical analysis is based on a sample of 116 listed European banks over the period prior (2011-2012-2013) and after (2014-2015-2016) the effective date of the Single Rulebook. The evidence confirm our hypothesis suggesting that this banking reform discourages earnings manipulation and improves earnings quality, making financial reporting more useful for investors. The results are important to the regulatory institutions (such as European Union and European Central Bank) supporting more stringent discipline introduced by Basel III.

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