An investigation of the pathogenic and non-pathogenic free-living amoebae from the root zone method of wastewater treatment

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferm�n Rivera ◽  
Salvador Rodr�guez ◽  
Alan Warren ◽  
Patricia Bonilla ◽  
Elizabeth Ram�rez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Zone Method ◽  
Free Living

The Applicability of the Wastewater Treatment Plant in Othfresen as Scientific Documentation of the Root-Zone Method

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Brix
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Zone Method ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
Scientific Documentation

Up to the present time documentation for the functioning of the root-zone method is almost exclusively based on data from the Othfresen plant in Western Germany, a 22.5 ha large wetland, which since 1974 has received municipal wastewater. The present paper describes the working experiences from Othfresen, and evaluates the applicability of the data from Othfresen as basis for the scientific documentation of the root-zone method in general. It is concluded that the data from Othfresen are useless in the documentation of the root-zone method for the following reasons: (a) The loaded area has not until 1985 been well-defined, (b) the soil in the treatment plant is very atypical (old mine debris), (c) a major proportion of the wastewater does not penetrate the soil, but distributes on the surface as overland flow, (d) the quality of the water in the “defined” outlet, i.e. a well consisting of a PVC-tube, has no relation to the treatment of wastewater in the area, and (e) the true effluent to the recipient is of varying quality, especially as far as nitrogen is concerned. It is therefore necessary to await results from well-controlled experimental treatment plants before the functioning and the applicability of the root-zone method can be properly evaluated.

Removal of pathogens from wastewaters by the root zone method (RZM)

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fermin Rivera ◽  
Alan Warren ◽  
Elizabeth Ramirez ◽  
Olivier Decamp ◽  
Patricia Bonilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Zone Method ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Gravel Beds ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Better Than

Full-scale and laboratory-scale artificially constructed reed beds utilising the root zone method (RZM) of wastewater treatment were investigated for their removal efficiencies of a range of pathogenic microorganisms. Performances were compared for RZMs employing different hydrophytes, planting substrates and climatic conditions. All pathogens were removed by the RZM to some extent. Planted beds generally performed better than unplanted beds although the type of hydrophyte used was not significant. Gravel beds were more efficient than soil beds in the removal of protozoan pathogens and of helminth eggs; numbers of these pathogens were below levels of detection in gravel bed effluents. For faecal coliforms the type of planting substrate was not significant, providing hydrophytes were present. Climatic conditions made little difference to treatment efficiency although seasonal variation was observed in temperature climates, where the removal of faecal coliforms declined in the winter months, and in subtropical climates where higher numbers of free-living amoebae were recorded during the summer. It was concluded that the RZM is a suitable method for the treatment of domestic wastewaters in tropical and subtropical regions of Mexico.

Treatment of Wastewater in the Rhizosphere of Wetland Plants – The Root-Zone Method

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Brix
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Wetland Plants ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Standards ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Zone Method ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Removal

The present paper describes the theoretical basis of wastewater treatment in the rhizosphere of wetland plants, the so-called “root-zone method”, along with the first working experiences from eight treatment plants in Denmark. Mechanically treated wastewater is led horizontally through the rhizosphere of wetland plants. During the passage of the wastewater through the rhizosphere, the wastewater is cleaned by microbiological degradation and by physical/chemical processes. The wetland plants supply oxygen to the heterotrophic microorganisms in the rhizosphere and stabilize the hydraulic conductivity of the soil. Nitrogen is removed by denitrification and phosphorus and heavy metals are bound in the soil. The first working experiences from Denmark show, that as far as BOD is concerned root-zone treatment plants are very nearly up to conventional secondary treatment standards already from the first growing season (removal efficiency: 51-95%). For the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus the results vary (total-N removal: 10-88%; total-P removal: 11-94%). The removal efficiencies depended mainly on the composition of the soils and the degree of surface runoff in each treatment plant. It is concluded that root-zone treatment plants seem to be a viable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment technology, especially suitable for single households and small to medium sized communities. There is, however, still very little information on the removal processes for nitrogen (denitrification), on the effect of soil type and on the required surface area to load ratio,

State-of-the-Art Utilization of Aquatic Plants in Water Pollution Control

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 61-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Reddy ◽  
T. A. DeBusk
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Zone Method ◽  
Artificial Wetlands ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Systems

Research, pilot-scale and operational studies conducted within the past 15 years have shown that aquatic macrophyte-based treatment systems offer a promising, low-cost method for removing contaminants from wastewaters and polluted natural waters. The vascular plants cultured in such treatment systems perform several functions, including assimilating and storing contaminants, transporting O2 to the root zone, and providing a substrate for microbial activity. Among the various types of aquatic treatment systems, pond systems containing floating macrophytes such as the water hyacinth are most commonly utilized for wastewater treatment in tropical and sub-tropical regions, whereas in temperate regions, emergent plants cultured in artificial wetlands (e.g., root zone method, nutrient film techniques) appear to be more appropriate. However, due to concerns about system management and reliability, aquatic plant treatment systems are currently used only on a limited basis throughout the world. This review discusses the general performance, contaminant removal processes and criteria for plant selection in aquatic macrophyte wastewater treatment systems. Case studies on the use of floating plants for domestic wastewater treatment and the renovation of eutrophic lake water are presented, and future research needs for aquatic macrophyte-based wastewater treatment systems are discussed.

The application of the root zone method for the treatment and reuse of high-strength abattoir waste in Mexico

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fermin Rivera ◽  
Alan Warren ◽  
Colin R. Curds ◽  
Esperanza Robles ◽  
Alejandro Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Zone Method ◽  
Stage System ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Two Stages

A two-stage system for treating high-strength wastewater from an abattoir at Pachuca, Mexico is described. The system consists of an anaerobic digester followed by an artificially-constructed wetland which employs horizontal subsurface flow through the root zone of emergent hydrophytes planted in a gravel substrate. The main goals of this study were to monitor the treatment efficiency of the system for the first twelve months of operation and to assess the suitability of the effluent for irrigation purposes. The treatment efficiency during the twelve month period was generally good with mean removal efficiencies of 88.5% for BOD5, 87.4% COD, 89% suspended solids, 73.6% organic nitrogen and >99% faecal coliforms. Removal rates were generally poor for orthophosphates, NH3-nitrogen and NO3-nitrogen. The differing roles of the two stages in the treatment process are discussed. Although not suitable for irrigating crops, the effluent is being successfully used for the irrigation of ornamental plants and recreational lands.

Identification of pathogen bacteria and protozoa in treated urban wastewaters discharged in the Ebro River (Spain): water reuse possibilities

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mosteo ◽  
M. P. Ormad ◽  
P. Goñi ◽  
J. Rodríguez-Chueca ◽  
A. García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

The aim of this research work is to identify the presence of pathogens, bacteria and protozoa, in different treated urban wastewaters and to relate biological pollution with the processes used in wastewater treatment plants. A study of the possibilities for water reuse is carried out taking into account bacterial and parasite composition. The analysed bacteria and protozoa are: Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens (spore), Salmonella spp., Legionella spp., helminths eggs, Giardia, Cryptosporidium spp. and free-living amoebae (FLA). The selected municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) are located in Navarra (Spain) and the main difference between them is the use of natural lagoons as tertiary treatment in some plants. The results concerning bacteriological identification showed contamination of mainly faecal origin, and the use of natural lagoons as tertiary treatment in some MWTPs produced an important disinfection effect. Moreover, pathogen parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium were not detected in the samples studied although FLA were identified in all cases.

Potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae (FLA) isolated in Spanish wastewater treatment plants

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 622-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. García ◽  
P. Goñi ◽  
A. Clavel ◽  
S. Lobez ◽  
M. T. Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Free Living

Hydraulics of sub-superficial flow constructed wetlands in semi arid climate conditions

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ranieri
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Arid Climate ◽  
Zone Method ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Hydraulic Gradients ◽  
Very High ◽  
Semi Arid

This paper reports the evaluation of the hydraulics of two constructed wetland (cws) plants located in Apulia (the South Eastern Italy region characterized by semi arid climate conditions). These fields were planted with Phragmites australis hydrophytes and are supplied with local secondary wastewater municipal treatment plant effluent. Each plant - Kickuth Root-Zone method based - covers an area of approx. 2,000 m2. The evapotranspiration phenomenon has been evaluated within perforated tubes fixed to the field bottom and very high values - up to 40 mm/d - were found. Hydraulic conductivity has been evaluated by in situ measurements at different field points. Hydraulic gradients and the piezometric curve within the field are also reported.

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