An equivalent definition of the strong causality of space-time

1992 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Podoksenov
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1349-1356
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Karasińska

AbstractWe consider properties of defined earlier families of sets which are microscopic (small) in some sense. An equivalent definition of considered families is given, which is helpful in simplifying a proof of the fact that each Lebesgue null set belongs to one of these families. It is shown that families of sets microscopic in more general sense have properties analogous to the properties of the σ-ideal of classic microscopic sets.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee ◽  
Sanjeevan Singha Roy

Higher dimensions are impossible to visualize as the size of dimension varies inversely proportional to its level. The more the dimension ranges, the least its size. We are a set of points living in a particular point of space and a particular frame of time. i.e, we live in space-time. The space has more dimensions that meets the human eye. We are living in a world of hyper-space. Our world being a smaller dimension is floating in higher dimensions. The quest for the visually of higher dimensions has been a fantasy to mankind but this aspect of nature is completely locked. We can transform dimensions i.e., from higher to lower dimensions, or from lower to higher dimensions, but only through mathematics. The relative notion of mathematics helps us to do the thing, which is perhaps impossible in the experimental part of physical reality. Humans being an element of 3 Dimensions – length, breath, height can only perceive one higher dimensions, that is space-time. but beyond that the notion of dimension itself changes. The dimensions got curled up in every intersection of the coordinates of space in such a way that the higher dimensions remain stable to us. But in reality it is highly unstable. In the higher dimensions, above 4, the space is tearing apart and joining again spontaneously, but the tearing portion itself covered by 2 dimensional Branes which acts as a stabilizer for the unstable dimensions. Dimensions will get smaller and smaller with the space-time interwoven in it. But at Planks length that is 10^-33 meter, the notion of space-time itself breaks down thereby making impossible for the higher dimensions to coexist along with space. Without space, there will be no identity of any dimension. The space itself is the fabric for the milestone of residing higher dimensions. Imagine our room, which is 3 dimensional. But what is there inside the room. The space and of course the time. Space-time being a totally separate entity is not quite separate when compared with other dimensions because it makes the residing place for the higher dimensions or the hyperspace itself. We all are confined within a lower dimensional world within a randomness of higher dimensions. Time being alike like space is an arrow which has the capability of slicing space into different forms. Thereby taking a snapshot of our every nano-second we vibrate within space-time. As each slice of time represents each slice of space, similarly each slice of space represents each slice of time. The nature of space-time is beyond human consciousness. It is the identity by which we breathe, we play, we survive. It is the whole localization of species that encompasses itself with space thereby making space-time a relative quantity depending upon the reference frame. The only thing that can encompass space-time or even change the relative definition of space-time is the speed, the speed far beyond the speed of light. The more the speed, the less the array of time flows. Space-time being an invisible entity makes the other dimensions visible residing in it only into the level of 3, that is l, b, h. After that there is a infamous structure formed by the curling of higher dimensions called CALABI-YAU manifold. This manifold depicts the usual nature of the dimensional quadrants of the higher order by containing a number of small spherical spheres inside it. The mathematics of string theory is still unable to solve the genus and the containing spheres of the manifold which can be the ultimate quest for the hidden dimensions. Hidden, as, the higher dimensions are hidden from human perspective of macro level but if we probe deeper into the fabric of the space-time of General Relativity then we will find the 5th dimension according to the Kaluza-Klein theory. And if we probe even deeper into it at the perspective of string theory we will be amazed to see the real nature of quantum world. They are so marvelously beautiful, they contain so many forms of higher dimensions ranging from 6 to 10. And even many more of that, but we are still not sure about it where they may exist in a ghost state. After all, the quantum nature is far more beautiful that one can even imagine with a full faze of weirdness.


2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Akyig~it ◽  
S. Ersoy ◽  
İ. Özgür ◽  
M. Tosun

We give the definition of generalized timelike Mannheim curve in Minkowski space-time . The necessary and sufficient conditions for the generalized timelike Mannheim curve are obtained. We show some characterizations of generalized Mannheim curve.


Author(s):  
Nicholas Denyer

The most famous member of the Dialectical school, the Greek philosopher Diodorus Cronus maintained various paradoxical theses. He argued that any attempt to divide space, time or matter must end with little regions, periods or bodies that cannot further be divided; hence, he inferred, things cannot be in motion. Diodorus also contributed to the contemporary debate on conditionals: one proposition implies another, he held, if and only if it never has been possible, and is not now possible, to have the former proposition true and the latter proposition false. Diodorus is however most famous for inventing the master argument. The master argument relied on two assumptions: that every past truth is necessary, and that the impossible does not follow from the possible. It concluded, on these assumptions, that no proposition is possible unless it either is true or will be. The master argument was designed to support Diodorus’ definition of possibility: a proposition is possible if and only if it either is or will be true. This definition is not exactly tantamount to the fatalist doctrine that all truths are necessary, but it was felt to come too close to fatalism for comfort.


1988 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 99-103
Author(s):  
M. Soffel ◽  
H. Herold ◽  
H. Ruder ◽  
M. Schneider

Three fundamental concepts of reference frames in relativistic space-time are confronted: 1. the gravitational compass, 2. the stellar compass and 3. the inertial compass. It is argued that under certain conditions asymptotically fixed (stellar) reference frames can be introduced with the same rigour as local Fermi frames, thereby eliminating one possible psychological reason why the importance of Fermi frames frequently has been overestimated in the past. As applications of these three concepts we discuss: 1. a relativistic definition of the geoid, 2. a relativistic astrometric problem and 3. the post-Newtonian theory of a laser gyroscope fixed to the Earth's surface.


2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 3878-3888 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. KONKOWSKI ◽  
T. M. HELLIWELL

The definition of quantum singularity is extended from static space-times to conformally static space-times. After the usual definitions of classical and quantum singularities are reviewed, examples of quantum singularities in static space-times are given. These include asymptotically power-law space-times, space-times with diverging higher-order differential invariants, and a space-time with a 2-sphere singularity. The theory behind quantum singularities in conformally static space-times is followed by an example, a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker space-time with cosmic string. The paper concludes by discussing areas of future research.


Author(s):  
Johannes M. Zanker

Some paintings, and other art forms, create vivid sensations of shimmering and movement, despite the fact that they are nothing more than simple static patterns of paint on a static canvas. This is known as a motion illusion. This chapter explores this type of visual illusion and explains why such motion sensations exist in static images. Understanding such phenomena requires the careful definition of stimulus conditions in terms of space and time, consideration of the visuomotor interaction, and the resulting space-time characteristics of the input to cortical processing networks, through modeling of a quantitative model for the neural networks that generate (in this case, illusory) perception


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