Comparative studies on species-specific reactivity between renin and angiotensinogen

The venous system of diving mammals has changed during the course of evolution. The common adaptational change in the venous system of animals that have been investigated is an increase in its volume. Venous collectors and plexuses are observed, where blood is stored during the complex haemodynamic changes that occur underwater. Comparative studies of diving animals have shown that in different species, changes in the venous system aimed at increasing its volume have followed different routes. Hence, the shapes, sizes, and locations of venous collectors were dissimilar in the various species. A certain amount of similarity in the development of the venous system is observed, however, in some diving rodents and carnivores. Still, the prominence of venous collectors, which is directly linked to the species' ecological specialization, varies. The development of morphological adaptations of the cardiovascular system in diving mammals during ontogenesis follows a certain species-specific path. During heterochronous development in some species, the most important features of this system are observed in new born pups, whereas in others they appear later in postnatal life. Adaptational changes in the arterial system are found only in the most skilled divers.

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Comparison of isolates and species ofToxocaraandToxascarisby biosynthetic labelling of somatic and ES proteins from infective larvae

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000059977 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 451-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

A. P. Page ◽

D. T. Richards ◽

J. W. Lewis ◽

H. M. Omar ◽

R. M. Maizels

Keyword(s):

Polyclonal Antibodies ◽

Toxocara Canis ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Toxocara Cati ◽

Toxocara Vitulorum ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Specific Reactivity ◽

Species Specific ◽

Dimensional Electrophoresis ◽

Toxascaris Leonina

Infective-stage larvae of three different isolates ofToxocara caniswere intrinsically ([35S]methionine) labelled in culture, to determine the presence of similarities or differences in the somatic and ES antigens expressed between larvae derived from different hosts and different geographical regions. Two other closely related ascaridids,Toxascaris leoninawhich infects cats and dogs, andToxocara vitulorum(Neoascaris vitulorum) which infects cattle, were also compared toT. canislarvae by this method. Overall comparisons were made by 1- and 2-dimensional electrophoresis, while immunological cross-reactivities between the different species were analysed by radio-immunoprecipitation. Our results show that extensive physicochemical characteristics are shared betweenT. canisisolates, both from different hosts and different geographical locations. A substantial overlap was revealed whenT. canisandT. vitulorumantigens were compared, whereasToxascariswas found to produce a distinct antigen profile: this result was independent of whether methionine- or Iodogen-labelled products were being considered. Antigen recognition by polyclonal antibodies raised to all three species and to the cat ascarididToxocara cati, revealed considerable cross-reactivities. The cross-reactions were especially prominent between theToxocaraspecies, a fact further substantiated when reactivity ofT. canisES-specific monoclonal antibodies were tested againstT. leoninaandT. vitulorumantigens. The ES antigens ofT. leoninawere not recognized by theT. canismonoclonals, whereas the majority of these antibodies precipitated antigens ofT. vitulorum. One which did not react withT. vitulorumwas monoclonal antibody Tcn 2, indicating its species-specific reactivity and therefore its potential for the specific diagnosis of human toxocariasis.

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A Comparative Study on Insect Longevity: Tropical Moths Do Not Differ From Their Temperate Relatives

10.21203/rs.3.rs-685956/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sille Holm ◽

Ants Kaasik ◽

Juhan Javoiš ◽

Freerk Molleman ◽

Toomas Tammaru

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Related Species ◽

Comparative Studies ◽

Temperate Forests ◽

Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽

Temperate Region ◽

Comparative Analyses ◽

Number Of Species ◽

Species Specific ◽

Average Adult

Abstract If the evolutionary determinants of longevity were mainly extrinsic, related species from different habitats should systematically differ in individual lifespans. Comparative studies of insects can significantly contribute to understanding the evolution of lifespan, as the trait can feasibly be measured in a high number of species. We recorded adult longevities for 110 species of geometrid moths from a tropical community. Comparative analyses based on an original phylogenetic reconstruction were applied to reveal the correlates of species-specific values of lifespan. Larger moth species were found to live longer, and females tended to have shorter lifespans than males. Average adult lifespans in tropical geometrids, and the relationships of lifespan with other variables, were found to be highly similar to those reported for their temperate region relatives. The among-region similarity leads to the conclusion of the dominance of intrinsic (physiological) determinants of longevity over the extrinsic (ecological) ones: the contrasting environments of tropical and temperate forests have not produced detectable differences in moth longevities.

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Species-Specific Features of Intraorganic Vascularization of the Tarsal Joint Capsule in Cattle and Canines

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.2478/fv-2018-0032 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 12-18

Author(s):

Y. Nechiporuk ◽

V. Novak ◽

V. Dudka

Keyword(s):

Canis Lupus ◽

Comparative Studies ◽

Structural Organization ◽

Bos Taurus ◽

Dorsal Surface ◽

Joint Capsule ◽

Tarsal Joint ◽

Medial Surfaces ◽

Species Specific

Abstract The comparative studies of the tarsal joint capsule of cattle (Bos taurus) and canines (Canis lupus) have clarified general patterns of the structural organization of a joint capsule and the species-specific features of its angioarchitectonics. The differences in the formation of the fibroelastic layer and the location of vascular fields in the cases of animals with different stances were established. The zones of intensive intraorganic vascularization of the joint capsule were revealed; that being—the plantar and dorsal surface in the case of cattle, the lateral and medial surfaces—in case of the canine.

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Re-examining extreme sleep duration in bats

10.32942/osf.io/97fpb ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christian David Harding ◽

Yossi Yovel ◽

Talya Hackett ◽

Stuart Peirson ◽

Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy

Keyword(s):

Best Practices ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Diurnal Cycle ◽

Comparative Studies ◽

Single Species ◽

Activity Data ◽

Sleep Studies ◽

Sleep Behaviour ◽

Species Specific

Bats are quoted as sleeping for up to 20 hours a day, an example of extreme sleep duration amongst mammals. Given that duration is one of the primary metrics featured in comparative studies of sleep, it is important that determinations of species-specific sleep duration are well founded. Here, we summarise the evidence for the characterisation of bats as extreme sleepers and discuss whether it provides a useful representation of the sleep behaviour of Chiroptera. Although there are a wealth of activity data to suggest that the diurnal cycle of bats is dominated by rest, citable evidence that they spend the vast majority of this time asleep is limited to a single species studied under conditions which may not be representative of a natural sleeping environment. Furthermore, extreme sleep durations are not expressed under all conditions or in all bat species. This calls into question the validity of using an extreme sleep duration to represent bats in comparative studies of sleep. We suggest best practices for future sleep studies in Chiroptera that will allow for better characterisations of the sleep behaviour of this order and elucidation of the factors that influence sleep duration.

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Comparative study of the intestinal strongylid communities of equidae in the Askania-Nova biosphere reserve, Ukraine

Helminthologia ◽

10.2478/s11687-007-0005-9 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 62-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

T. Kuzmina ◽

V. Kharchenko ◽

N. Zvegintsova

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Comparative Studies ◽

Biosphere Reserve ◽

Species Specific ◽

First Time

AbstractComparative studies of the intestinal strongylid communities of 14 ponies, 6 donkeys and 9 zebras from the “Askania-Nova” Biosphere reserve (Ukraine) were carried out after deworming the hosts with aversectin drug. Faecal sampling (200 g each) was performed at 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after treatment; all nematodes expelled were collected and identified. Thirty strongylid species from 12 genera were found; 7 species from the Strongylinae and 23 species from Cyathostominae. In ponies 27 species were found (range 8–23; mean 14 ± 3.8). In donkeys 23 species were found (range 11–15; mean 12 ± 1.3). Cyathostomum tetracanthum a species specific for donkeys was found for the first time in Ukraine. In zebras 17 species were found (range 2–13; mean 7 ± 3.6). The results obtained confirmed the specificity of the intestinal strongylid fauna of different equid species grazing on the same pastures in the “Askania-Nova” reserve.

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Antigenic analysis of gonococcal pili using monoclonal antibodies.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.160.6.1782 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 160 (6) ◽

pp. 1782-1791 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

M Edwards ◽

R L McDade ◽

G Schoolnik ◽

J B Rothbard ◽

E C Gotschlich

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Structural Protein ◽

Antigenic Analysis ◽

Group 3 ◽

Specific Reactivity ◽

Species Specific ◽

Pilin Protein ◽

Cyanogen Bromide Fragment ◽

Amino Acid Segment ◽

Reactive Antibody

A bank of mouse monoclonal antibodies has been produced with reactivity to gonococcal pili to investigate epitopes of the pilus structural protein, pilin. Pili of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains R10 and MS11 were used as immunogens to elicit 19 monoclonal antibodies reactive with the homologous pili type in ELISA. Of the 19 antibodies, 16 demonstrated type-specific reactivity and 3 were cross-reactive with heterologous pili. Reactivity of the antibodies with the carboxyterminal, cyanogen bromide fragment (CB-3) of R10 pilin allowed their classification into three groups. The first group (10 antibodies) were R10 specific and equally reactive with the R10 CB-3 fragment. The second group (6) were also type specific but demonstrated poor reactivity with the CB-3 fragment. This suggested that the epitopes of the first group are linear, and those of the second group, nonlinear. The third group (3), consisting of the cross-reactive antibodies, were not reactive with the CB-3 fragment. Two of the antibodies in group 3 were examined in detail to localize their epitopes. The epitope of one, 9B9/H5, was shown to be a linear determinant. This antibody was reactive with a fragment of MS11 pilin (residues 31-111) and to a synthetic peptide representing residues 69-84 in MS11 pilin. The epitope was more finely mapped, with shorter synthetic peptides conjugated to bovine serum albumin, to an eight amino acid segment (residues 69-76). The epitope of 1E8/G8, a strongly reactive antibody, proved elusive to this type of analysis and probably results from conformational restraints. The significance of species-specific epitopes in the pilin protein is discussed.

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Demonstration of complement-fixation titres against the species-specific trachoma antigen in sera of trachoma patients

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400020714 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 31-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. L. Terzin ◽

M. R. Fornazarić ◽

B. V. Birtašević

Keyword(s):

Technical Assistance ◽

Complement Fixation ◽

Clinical Stage ◽

Anticomplementary Activity ◽

Elementary Body ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Specific Component ◽

Specific Reactivity ◽

Species Specific

Semi-purified elementary body suspensions, prepared or preserved in three different ways, have been compared as to their species-specific CF-activity as revealed both against Bedsonia-negative sera of trachoma patients (of known stage), and against psittacosis-positive sera of men and animals.Two of these antigens (the SPG-formol-antigen and the SPG-glycerol-antigen) revealed a positive species-specific CF-reaction in 61–100% of the Bedsonia-negative serum samples obtained from trachoma patients, with titres ranging from 1/2 to 1/128.Various parameters (as percentage proportion of positive reactors, CF-titre, duration of the disease, clinical stage of trachoma, etc.) have been analysed for correlation, and the results obtained with the different antigens are compared with one another.The most useful of the three antigens, showing a good species-specific CF-reactivity and no anticomplementary activity, was found to be the ‘SPG-formolantigen’. However because of its group-specific reactivity, for detection of species-specific trachoma antibodies in routine, it could be used only with Bedsonia-negative samples of sera. Because of the thermolability of its species-specific component, the SPG-formol-antigen proved to be liable to deterioration.We have pleasure in thanking to Dr F. B. Gordon for help in procuring bibliography and the viable strain of trachoma virus. We wish to express our thanks also to Mrs R. Šepetavic and to Miss M. Krečo for their technical assistance.

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Electron Microscopy in the Study of Natural Phytoplankton Assemblages

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100119831 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 620-623

Author(s):

Linda Sicko-Goad

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Aquatic Environment ◽

Size Range ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Specific Information ◽

Phytoplankton Assemblages ◽

Phytoplankton Productivity ◽

Ecosystem Effects ◽

Time Of Year ◽

Species Specific

Although the use of electron microscopy and its varied methodologies is not usually associated with ecological studies, the types of species specific information that can be generated by these techniques are often quite useful in predicting long-term ecosystem effects. The utility of these techniques is especially apparent when one considers both the size range of particles found in the aquatic environment and the complexity of the phytoplankton assemblages.The size range and character of organisms found in the aquatic environment are dependent upon a variety of physical parameters that include sampling depth, location, and time of year. In the winter months, all the Laurentian Great Lakes are uniformly mixed and homothermous in the range of 1.1 to 1.7°C. During this time phytoplankton productivity is quite low.

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