The origin of blood monocytes and macrophages

1967 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. -D. Leder
Keyword(s):  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGY AND PEROXIDASE CYTOCHEMISTRY OF MOUSE PROMONOCYTES, MONOCYTES, AND MACROPHAGES

1970 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 794-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph van Furth ◽  
James G. Hirsch ◽  
Martha E. Fedorko
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Peripheral Blood Monocytes ◽  
Membrane Ruffling ◽  
Mouse Macrophages ◽  
Granular Cytoplasm ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages ◽  
Mature Mouse ◽  
Peroxidase Cytochemistry

Mouse promonocytes have been identified and studied in cultures of bone marrow cells. These cells have a diameter of 14–20 µ, and in stained preparations reveal a large, indented or folded nucleus, and basophilic, finely granular cytoplasm. The living promonocyte viewed by phase contrast shows additional features: nucleoli, small dense bodies, and vesicles in the cytoplasm adjacent to the nuclear hilus, and slight membrane ruffling. Prominent ultrastructural components of promonocytes include a well developed Golgi apparatus, small numbers of centrosomal granules and vacuoles, extensive ribosomal aggregates, and finger-like projections of the cell surface. Promonocytes engage in pinocytosis and phagocytosis, but they are less active in these functions than are peripheral blood monocytes of peritoneal macrophages. Promonocytes are positive for peroxidase, the reaction product being localized to granules most of which are centrally situated in the cell. Monocytes in blood or in inflammatory peritoneal exudates display much smaller numbers of peroxidase-positive granules, and various types of mature mouse macrophages are peroxidase negative.

scholarly journals The effect of azathioprine (Imuran) on the kinetics of monocytes and macrophages during the normal steady state and an acute inflammatory reaction

Blood ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Gassmann ◽  
R van Furth
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Peripheral Blood Monocytes ◽  
Azathioprine Treatment ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract The effect of azathioprine on the kinetics of peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages was studied in normal mice and in mice in which an inflammatory reaction was provoked. Two dosage levels were used: a high dose of 200mg/kg which is the maximum tolerated daily dose in mice, and low dose of 3 mg/kg which is about equivalent to a nontoxic, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory dose in man. The number of peripheral blood monocytes decreases gradually during azathioprine treatment of normal mice, the extent and duration being dependent on the dose and duration of administered over a period of 9 days gives an almost complete reduction, and a low dose (3 mg/kg) given for the same period results in a reduction of about 50%. This effect seems to be reversible, because when treatment is stopped the number of monocytes starts to increase 24–48 hr later. The number of peritoneal macrophages is only affected when a high dose (200 mg/kg) is given over a long period; a low dose has virtually no effect. In mice in which an inflammatory reaction was prevoked in the peritoneal cavity, the normally occurring increase in the numbers of both peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages was suppressed, the extent being dependent on the dose of azathioprine administered. Labeling studies with 3H-thymidine indicated that the reduction of peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages in the inflammatory exudate is due to a diminished monocyte production.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of normal and low-molecular-mass complement component C1q by cultured human monocytes and macrophages

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Hoekzema ◽  
M C Brouwer ◽  
E R de Graeff-Meeder ◽  
H P T van Helden ◽  
C E Hack
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Complement Component ◽  
Subunit Structure ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Helix Formation ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages ◽  
C1q Deficiency

High levels of low-molecular-mass complement component C1q (LMM-C1q), a haemolytically inactive form of C1q, are found in serum of individuals with inherited complete (functional) C1q deficiency and in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, whereas lower levels are present in normal serum [Hoekzema, Hannema, Swaak, Paardekooper & Hack (1985) J. Immunol. 135, 265-271]. To investigate whether LMM-C1q is a (by-)product of C1q synthesis or the result of degradation of C1q, cultures of blood monocytes and of alveolar macrophages, which secrete functional C1q, were studied. A considerable portion of C1q-like protein secreted by these cells was found to be LMM-C1q. In contrast with the C1q fragments that resulted from degradation of normal C1q during phagocytosis, culture-derived LMM-C1q appeared to be identical with LMM-C1q found in serum, as judged by sedimentation behaviour, subunit structure and recognition by poly- and mono-clonal antibodies raised against C1q. The presence of LMM-C1q in cytoplasmic organelles compatible with the Golgi apparatus and the inability to generate LMM-C1q by impeding hydroxylation and triple-helix formation of C1q further argues against degradation as its source. Monocyte cultures of homozygous probands from two families with complete functional C1q deficiency reflected the abnormalities in serum, i.e. absence of functional C1q, but increased levels of LMM-C1q. By contrast, secretion of C1q and LMM-C1q by cells from healthy individuals was clearly co-ordinate, indicating that LMM-C1q in serum may provide a unique marker of C1q synthesis in vivo.

scholarly journals The effect of azathioprine (Imuran) on the kinetics of monocytes and macrophages during the normal steady state and an acute inflammatory reaction

Blood ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Gassmann ◽  
R van Furth
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Peripheral Blood Monocytes ◽  
Azathioprine Treatment ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages ◽  
Kinetics Of

The effect of azathioprine on the kinetics of peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages was studied in normal mice and in mice in which an inflammatory reaction was provoked. Two dosage levels were used: a high dose of 200mg/kg which is the maximum tolerated daily dose in mice, and low dose of 3 mg/kg which is about equivalent to a nontoxic, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory dose in man. The number of peripheral blood monocytes decreases gradually during azathioprine treatment of normal mice, the extent and duration being dependent on the dose and duration of administered over a period of 9 days gives an almost complete reduction, and a low dose (3 mg/kg) given for the same period results in a reduction of about 50%. This effect seems to be reversible, because when treatment is stopped the number of monocytes starts to increase 24–48 hr later. The number of peritoneal macrophages is only affected when a high dose (200 mg/kg) is given over a long period; a low dose has virtually no effect. In mice in which an inflammatory reaction was prevoked in the peritoneal cavity, the normally occurring increase in the numbers of both peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages was suppressed, the extent being dependent on the dose of azathioprine administered. Labeling studies with 3H-thymidine indicated that the reduction of peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages in the inflammatory exudate is due to a diminished monocyte production.

scholarly journals Human monocytes and macrophages regulate immune tolerance via integrin αvβ8–mediated TGFβ activation

2018 ◽  
Vol 215 (11) ◽  
pp. 2725-2736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aoife Kelly ◽  
Sezin Gunaltay ◽  
Craig P. McEntee ◽  
Elinor E. Shuttleworth ◽  
Catherine Smedley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Integrin Expression ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Intestinal Macrophage ◽  
Inflammatory Macrophages ◽  
Human Monocytes And Macrophages

Monocytes are crucial immune cells involved in regulation of inflammation either directly or via differentiation into macrophages in tissues. However, many aspects of how their function is controlled in health and disease are not understood. Here we show that human blood monocytes activate high levels of the cytokine TGFβ, a pathway that is not evident in mouse monocytes. Human CD14+, but not CD16+, monocytes activate TGFβ via expression of the integrin αvβ8 and matrix metalloproteinase 14, which dampens their production of TNFα in response to LPS. Additionally, when monocytes differentiate into macrophages, integrin expression and TGFβ-activating ability are maintained in anti-inflammatory macrophages but down-regulated in pro-inflammatory macrophages. In the healthy human intestine, integrin αvβ8 is highly expressed on mature tissue macrophages, with these cells and their integrin expression being significantly reduced in active inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, our data suggest that integrin αvβ8–mediated TGFβ activation plays a key role in regulation of monocyte inflammatory responses and intestinal macrophage homeostasis.

Lack of Drug Acetylation in Human Blood Monocytes and Macrophages in Vitro

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-336
Author(s):  
B. Mørland ◽  
G. Nesset ◽  
H. Olsen ◽  
J. Mørland
Keyword(s):  
Human Blood ◽  
Blood Monocytes ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages
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