Specific root area: A soil characteristic

1989 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lõhmus ◽  
T. Oja ◽  
R. Lasn
Keyword(s):  
Soil Characteristic ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Specific Root Area

scholarly journals Root Structure and Function of Grapevine Rootstocks (Vitis) in Response io Salinity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaniv Lupo ◽  
Alon Schlisser ◽  
Shuo Dong ◽  
Shimon Rachmilevitch ◽  
Aaron Fait ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Tissue Density ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Root Tissue Density ◽  
Salt Exclusion ◽  
Specific Root Area ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract Purpose Accessing freshwater resources becomes more complex in arid and semi-arid areas due to increased demands and declining water quality. Alternative water sources for agriculture such as saline and recycled water are currently being used. A better understanding of roots' response to irrigation with saline water is crucial for future agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas. Methods Three grapevine (Vitis) rootstocks were examined, and their roots' responses to salinity were studied. The rootstocks were planted in pots filled with sand and were grown in a commercial net house subjected to two salinity treatments: 10 mM and 30 mM NaCl (EC = 2 and 4 ds m-1, respectively). We measured root morphologic and anatomic properties at the end of the experiment. Results The specific root area increased in response to salinity due to reduced root tissue density. In addition, a reduction in the average root diameter also affected the specific root area by increasing the surface area to volume ratio. Plant biomass was allocated primarily to the shoot in all three rootstocks, reducing the root to shoot ratio. At the same time, the bottom part of the root zone was more affected by salinity. SO4 showed improved chloride and sodium exclusion, concomitant with a significant increase in its narrow roots' contribution to the surface area. Conclusion Narrow roots play a more prominent role in the acquisition of water and nutrients as salinity increases. Furthermore, a decrease in root tissue density and average diameter may contribute to salt exclusion from the roots.

Does a fungal species drive ectomycorrhizal root traits in Alnus spp.?

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1787-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivika Ostonen ◽  
Leho Tedersoo ◽  
Triin Suvi ◽  
Krista Lõhmus
Keyword(s):  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Short Root ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Root Size ◽  
Specific Root Area

Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi contribute significantly to the shaping of short-root morphology, playing an important role in balancing the costs and benefits of root growth and nutrient uptake and exchange in boreal forests. We aimed to assess the effect of various EcM fungal taxa on root traits at seven sites dominated by grey alder, Alnus incana (L.) Moench, and black alder, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Mean root size, specific root length, specific root area, root tissue density, and root-tip frequency of EcM short roots were measured in EcM anatomotypes in relation to the effects of host species, soil moisture level, and nutrient status. Redundancy analysis revealed that anatomotype, alder species, site, and soil parameters (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations, pH, organic-matter content) accounted for 42.3% (p < 0.001) of the total variation in EcM root morphology. Variation decreased in the following order: anatomotypes (27.9%) > soil parameters and sites (19.9%) > alder species (5.1%). EcM fungus species had the primary influence on EcM short-root size. EcM roots of the dominant anatomotype, Alnicola spp., had the highest specific root length and specific root area in both alder species. Short-root morphology depends most strongly on the fungal taxa involved, which indicates that the type of mycobiont has an important influence on the functional properties of fine roots.

Changes in Cupressus funebris and Cryptomeria fortunei Root Parameters in Landslides Caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake

2011 ◽  
Vol 378-379 ◽  
pp. 381-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Yu ◽  
Song Cheng ◽  
Gang Yang ◽  
Yong Heng Gao ◽  
Zhong You Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
Root Parameters ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Fault Belt ◽  
Specific Root Area

Strong earthquakes (>7.0 Ms) critically change pedosphere, how the changed soils disturb tree root growth related to forest restoration is unclear globally. Therefore, a total of 15 plots were established in non-removed and landslide areas of Cupressus funebris and Cryptomeria fortunei plantations near northern section of fault belt of Wenchuan Earthquake (8.0 Ms) occurring in May 12, 2008, China. 112 and 114 small fine roots (≤2.0 mm in diameter) in all the plots were sampled in June and October of 2009. Mean tips length/length, area/ length, volume/length, mean tips length/biomass, specific root area and specific root length in 0.0–0.5, >0.5–1.0 and >1.0–2.0 mm diameters of roots were examined. This study revealed 1) root parameters did not respond to the landslide soils in the June, but did until the October, suggesting after many root tips and tiny roots die in winter, the roots lose sensitivity to a changing soil environment; 2) mean tips length/length and mean tips length/biomass decreased for Cupressus funebris, and increased for Cryptomeria fortunei as well as area/length and volume/length in the landslide soils, implying both species roots have different processes of forest restoration; 3) the smallest sized roots were more sensitive to the landslide soils than the other sized roots, which are better indicators for the forest restoration.

scholarly journals The Economics Spectrum Drives Root Trait Strategies in Mediterranean Vegetation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique G. de la Riva ◽  
José Ignacio Querejeta ◽  
Rafael Villar ◽  
Ignacio M. Pérez-Ramos ◽  
Teodoro Marañón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Vegetation ◽  
Root Trait ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Leaf Economics Spectrum ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Selected Traits ◽  
Specific Root Area ◽  
Leaf Economics

Extensive research efforts are devoted to understand fine root trait variation and to confirm the existence of a belowground root economics spectrum (RES) from acquisitive to conservative root strategies that is analogous to the leaf economics spectrum (LES). The economics spectrum implies a trade-off between maximizing resource acquisition and productivity or maximizing resource conservation and longevity; however, this theoretical framework still remains controversial for roots. We compiled a database of 320 Mediterranean woody and herbaceous species to critically assess if the classic economics spectrum theory can be broadly extended to roots. Fine roots displayed a wide diversity of forms and properties in Mediterranean vegetation, resulting in a multidimensional trait space. The main trend of variation in this multidimensional root space is analogous to the main axis of LES, while the second trend of variation is partially determined by an anatomical trade-off between tissue density and diameter. Specific root area (SRA) is the main trait explaining species distribution along the RES, regardless of the selected traits. We advocate for the need to unify and standardize the criteria and approaches used within the economics framework between leaves and roots, for the sake of theoretical consistency.

scholarly journals Salivary antioxidants and periodontal disease status

2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean V. Sculley ◽  
Simon C. Langley-Evans
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Gingival Tissue ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Nutritional Strategy ◽  
Dietary Antioxidant ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
High Degree

Periodontal disease is a common chronic adult condition. The bacteriumPorphyromonas gingivalishas been implicated in the aetiology of this disease, which causes destruction of the connective tissue and bone around the root area of the tooth. It has been observed that invadingP. gingivalisbacteria trigger the release of cytokines such as interleukin 8 and tumour necrosis factor α, leading to elevated numbers and activity of polymorphonucleocytes (PMN). As a result of stimulation by bacterial antigens, PMN produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide via the respiratory burst as part of the host response to infection. Patients with periodontal disease display increased PMN number and activity. It has been suggested that this proliferation results in a high degree of ROS release, culminating in heightened oxidative damage to gingival tissue, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Antioxidant constituents in plasma have been well-documented, being chiefly ascorbate, albumin and urate, and these are known to display sensitivity to dietary antioxidant intakes. The concentration of antioxidants in saliva does not appear to mirror those of plasma. The extent of dietary influence upon salivary antioxidant status is unclear. Urate is the predominant salivary antioxidant, with albumin and ascorbate providing minor contributions. Previous research has found reduced salivary antioxidant activity in patients suffering from periodontal disease. An improved understanding of the role antioxidants play in periodontitis, and the influence of nutrition on antioxidant status, may lead to a possible nutritional strategy for the treatment of periodontal disease.

scholarly journals Clay content and pH: soil characteristic associations with the persistent presence of chronic wasting disease in northern Illinois

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheena J. Dorak ◽  
Michelle L. Green ◽  
Michelle M. Wander ◽  
Marilyn O. Ruiz ◽  
Michael G. Buhnerkempe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Wasting Disease ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Characteristic ◽  
Wasting Disease

A numerical study on the influences of underlying soil and backfill characteristics on the dynamic behaviour of typical integral bridges

Bauingenieur ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. S 2-S 11
Author(s):  
H. D. B. Aji ◽  
M. B. Basnet ◽  
Frank Wuttke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Structure ◽  
Dynamic Behaviour ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Coupled System ◽  
Soil Structure Interaction ◽  
Dynamic Resistance ◽  
Soil Characteristic ◽  
Structure Interaction ◽  
Integral Bridges ◽  
Underlying Soil

Abstract The identification of the dynamic behaviour of a structure is one of the crucial steps in the design of the dynamic resistance of the structure. The dynamic behaviour is represented by the natural frequencies and damping which are subsequently used along with the considered dynamic actions in the design process. In regard of integral bridge concept, one of the consequences of the omission of joints and bearings is the substantial soil-structure interaction which in turn increases the sensitivity of the dynamic behaviour of the bridges to the surrounding soil characteristic. In this article, we extended our hybrid BEM-FEM steady-state dynamic numerical tool to the 3D regime, developed by utilizing an in-house BEM and the commercial FEM software ABAQUS and use it to analyse the dynamic interaction between the bridge and the underlying soil as well as the backfill. The numerical results from four typical integral bridges show that underlying soil characteristic has great effect on the resonant frequencies and the damping. The backfill material properties tend to have less significant role due to the abutment wingwalls dominating the force transfer between the soil and the superstructure. The results also show that the degree of influence of the soil-structure interaction on the coupled system is affected by the type of load pattern in addition to the flexural stiffness of the superstructure.

Aortic root measurement on CT: linear dimensions, aortic root area and comparison with echocardiography. A retrospective cross sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (1121) ◽  
pp. 20201232
Author(s):  
Kai'En Leong ◽  
Henry Knipe ◽  
Simon Binny ◽  
Heather Pascoe ◽  
Nathan Better ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Root ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Maximal Dimension ◽  
Short Axis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Linear Dimensions ◽  
Root Measurement ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Excellent Reproducibility

Objective: We sought to assess the different CT aortic root measurements and determine their relationship to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Methods: TTE and ECG-gated CT images were reviewed from 70 consecutive patients (mean age 54 ± 18 years; 67% male) with tricuspid aortic roots (trileaflet aortic valves) between Nov 2009 and Dec 2013. Three CT planes (coronal, short axis en face and three-chamber) were used for measurement of nine linear dimensions. TTE aortic root dimension was measured as per guidelines from the parasternal long axis view. Results: All CT short axis measurements of the aortic root had excellent reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC 0.96–0.99), while coronal and three-chamber planes had lower reproducibility with ICC 0.90 (95% CI 0.84–0.94) and ICC 0.92 (0.87–0.95) respectively. CT coronal and short axis maximal dimensions were systematically larger than TTE (mean 2 mm larger, p < 0.001), while CT cusp to commissure measurements were systematically smaller (CT RCC-comm mean 2 mm smaller than TTE, p < 0.001). All CT short axis measurements had excellent correlation with aortic root area with CT short axis maximal dimension marginally better than the rest (Pearson’s R 0.97). Conclusion: Systematic differences exist between CT and TTE dependent on the CT plane of measurement. All CT short axis measurements of the aortic root had excellent reproducibility and correlation with aortic root area with maximal dimension appearing marginally better than the rest. Our findings highlight the importance of specifying the chosen plane of aortic root measurement on CT. Advances in knowledge: Systematic differences in aortic root dimension exist between TTE and the various CT measurement planes. CT coronal and short axis maximal dimensions were systematically larger than TTE, while CT cusp to commissure measurements were smaller. CT readers should indicate the plane of measurement and the specific linear dimension to avoid ambiguity in follow-up and comparison.

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