dynamic resistance
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2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 093-114
Author(s):  
Viktar Tur ◽  
Andrei Tur ◽  
Aliaksandr Lizahub

The article presents the simplified implementation of alternative load path method based on the energy balance approach. This method should be used to check the global resistance of a damaged structural system after the occurrence of an accidental event. Basic assumptions of simplified analytical models for modelling resistance of horizontal ties in a damaged structural system, taking into account the membrane (chain) effects, were presented. An approach to modelling the dynamic resistance of a damaged structural system based on the energy balance method is described. Calculated dependencies for checking the robustness of a prefabricated multi-storey building with hollow-core slabs after the loss of the central column are proposed and considered using an example. On the considered example, a comparison of the required tie sections area with the dynamic resistance designed using the energy balance method (EBM) and according to the current standards, and a statistical assessment of the reliability of the load-bearing capacity models are carried out. In the end, a brief algorithm for the simplified calculation of the dynamic resistance of a damaged structural system is proposed.


Author(s):  
Yueming Sun ◽  
Jin Fang ◽  
Gennady Sidorov ◽  
Rodney Alan Badcock ◽  
Nicholas J Long ◽  
...  

Abstract In many high-temperature superconducting (HTS) applications, HTS coated conductors carry a DC current under an external AC magnetic field. In such operating conditions, dynamic resistance will occur when the traversing magnetic flux across the HTS conductors. Consequently, AC loss within the superconductors is composed of the dynamic loss component arising from dynamic resistance and the magnetization loss component due to the AC external magnetic field. In this work, the dynamic resistance and the total loss in a three-tape HTS coated conductor stack were measured at 77 K under perpendicular AC magnetic fields up to 80 mT and DC currents (Idc) up to the critical current (Ic). The stack was assembled from three serial-connected 4 mm wide Superpower wires. The measured dynamic resistance results for the stack were well supported by the results from 2D H-formulation finite element modelling (FEM) and broadly agree with the analytical values for stacks. The FEM analysis shows asymmetric transport DC current profiles in the central region of the superconductor. We attribute the result to the superposition of DC currents and the induced subcritical currents which explains why the measured magnetization loss values increase with DC current levels at low magnetic field. The onset of dynamic loss for the stack for low i (Idc/ Ic) values is much slower when compared to that of the single tape and hence the contribution of the dynamic loss component to the total loss in the stack is much smaller than that of the single tape. Dynamic loss in the stack becomes comparable to the magnetization loss at i = 0.5 and becomes greater than the magnetization loss at i = 0.7. Both magnetization loss and dynamic loss in the stack are smaller than those of the single tape due to shielding effects.


Author(s):  
Jianzhao Geng ◽  
Justin McRobbie Brooks ◽  
Chris W Bumby ◽  
Rodney Alan Badcock

Abstract The emergence of a potential drop across a current-transporting type-II superconducting loop under a perpendicular oscillating magnetic field is revealed. We have derived analytical formulae to describe the effect under DC transport current in 1D, based on Bean’s critical state model. The analytical formulae are verified by a finite element model. To exploit this effect, we have developed a transformer-like ‘resistive switch’, and experimentally observed a switching effect. This work demonstrates a physically important general insight of the interaction between DC transport currents and time-varying magnetic fields in type-II superconducting loops, which extends beyond the well-known ‘dynamic resistance’ effect. It also provides a useful view on the interaction between a “transport-current” and a “screening-current” in the superconductor. The resulting demonstrated switch has the potential to be used in a variety of applications including superconducting rectifiers, fault current limiters, and superconducting magnetic energy storages.


Author(s):  
Pengpeng He ◽  
Gordon A. Fenton ◽  
D.V. Griffiths

Although the geotechnical resistance 19 factors at ultimate limit state used for dynamic loading conditions should be different from those for static loading conditions, most current structural and geotechnical design codes do not specifically provide dynamic resistance factors. In this paper, the ultimate limit state reliability analysis of individual shallow foundations for drained and undrained soil conditions under seismic (pseudo-dynamic) and wind loads using the Random Finite Element Method is carried out using the provisions of the National Building Code of Canada. The geotechnical resistance factors required to achieve target maximum lifetime failure probabilities are estimated for a few major Canadian cities. The results indicate that the failure probability for drained soil conditions is slightly greater than that for undrained soil conditions. In addition, the results suggest that the dynamic resistance factors for foundation bearing capacity design at ULS are lower than those for static foundation design specified by the code. The current analysis can be used to guide the calibration of these geotechnical resistance factors.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sin Hoi Phang

<p>In this project, the current pumping performances of three high temperature superconducting (HTS) dynamos (mechanically-rotating flux pumps) were investigated. These flux pumps (FPs) were identified as the Gen 1, Gen 2 and Gen 4 FP respectively. They were modelled using simple DC equivalent circuits and their performances were defined by three output parameters: DC open-circuit voltage (Voc), dynamic resistance (Rd) and DC short-circuit current (Isc). The experimental results showed that these FPs produced non-zero DC output voltages across their stators and each supplied DC output currents into series connected superconducting circuits.  The Gen 1 FP was cooled with liquid nitrogen and operated at 77 K. The stators were made from 12-mm wide copper-coated yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) HTS conductors. The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of the rotor magnet size, geometry and orientation (with respect to the stators) on the FP performance. The design parameters, based on the width and the length of the magnet with respect to the stator, for optimal FP performance were determined.  The Gen 2 FP was also cooled with liquid nitrogen and operated at 77 K. The stators were made from 46-mm wide Ag-coated YBCO HTS conductors. The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of stator width on the FP performance at various magnet frequencies. This was done by slitting two of the stators to form parallel stators with equal width, but smaller than the original conductor width. The experimental results showed that the FP performance was highly dependent on the operating frequency. Three operating frequency regimes were observed: low, mid and high. At high frequency, the Voc decreased and the Rd increased signifcantly. This was attributed to the local heating effect in the stator due to the increase in the current density. As a result, the FP produced zero output current in this regime. The AC voltage waveforms measured across the stators in different frequency regimes were very different in shapes and amplitudes. Therefore, these waveforms can be used to identify the operating frequency regime of the FP. At some operating frequencies in the mid frequency regime, bi-stable operating modes were observed, each mode resulted in different output parameters.  The Gen 4 FP was constructed in this project. It was cooled via thermal conduction method using a cryorefrigerator system. It had an axial-symmetric stator design where the shape of the stator is cylindrical. The width of the stator was considerably larger compared with the Gen 1 and Gen 2 FPs. The experiment objective was to investigate whether this design would produce a DC current, and then characterise the FP performance at different operating temperatures. The experimental results showed that the time-averaged DC output voltage of the Gen 4 FP was much higher compared with the Gen 1 and Gen 2 FPs. The reason is that it produced a DC output voltage for almost the entire rotor cycle. The experimental results also indicated that the Gen 4 FP has the capability to produce output currents in the kA range.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sin Hoi Phang

<p>In this project, the current pumping performances of three high temperature superconducting (HTS) dynamos (mechanically-rotating flux pumps) were investigated. These flux pumps (FPs) were identified as the Gen 1, Gen 2 and Gen 4 FP respectively. They were modelled using simple DC equivalent circuits and their performances were defined by three output parameters: DC open-circuit voltage (Voc), dynamic resistance (Rd) and DC short-circuit current (Isc). The experimental results showed that these FPs produced non-zero DC output voltages across their stators and each supplied DC output currents into series connected superconducting circuits.  The Gen 1 FP was cooled with liquid nitrogen and operated at 77 K. The stators were made from 12-mm wide copper-coated yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) HTS conductors. The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of the rotor magnet size, geometry and orientation (with respect to the stators) on the FP performance. The design parameters, based on the width and the length of the magnet with respect to the stator, for optimal FP performance were determined.  The Gen 2 FP was also cooled with liquid nitrogen and operated at 77 K. The stators were made from 46-mm wide Ag-coated YBCO HTS conductors. The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of stator width on the FP performance at various magnet frequencies. This was done by slitting two of the stators to form parallel stators with equal width, but smaller than the original conductor width. The experimental results showed that the FP performance was highly dependent on the operating frequency. Three operating frequency regimes were observed: low, mid and high. At high frequency, the Voc decreased and the Rd increased signifcantly. This was attributed to the local heating effect in the stator due to the increase in the current density. As a result, the FP produced zero output current in this regime. The AC voltage waveforms measured across the stators in different frequency regimes were very different in shapes and amplitudes. Therefore, these waveforms can be used to identify the operating frequency regime of the FP. At some operating frequencies in the mid frequency regime, bi-stable operating modes were observed, each mode resulted in different output parameters.  The Gen 4 FP was constructed in this project. It was cooled via thermal conduction method using a cryorefrigerator system. It had an axial-symmetric stator design where the shape of the stator is cylindrical. The width of the stator was considerably larger compared with the Gen 1 and Gen 2 FPs. The experiment objective was to investigate whether this design would produce a DC current, and then characterise the FP performance at different operating temperatures. The experimental results showed that the time-averaged DC output voltage of the Gen 4 FP was much higher compared with the Gen 1 and Gen 2 FPs. The reason is that it produced a DC output voltage for almost the entire rotor cycle. The experimental results also indicated that the Gen 4 FP has the capability to produce output currents in the kA range.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Y. Fecchio ◽  
Andreia C. C. Queiroz ◽  
Raphael Ritti-Dias ◽  
Eduardo Caldas Costa ◽  
Cláudia L. M. Forjaz

Background: Post-dynamic resistance exercise hypotension (PREH) has been largely demonstrated. However, little is known regarding the interindividual variation of PREH magnitude and its predictors (i.e. factors of influence).Aims: To assess the interindividual variation of PREH and its predictors related to the characteristics of the individuals and the exercise protocol.Methods: This study retrospectively analysed data from 131 subjects included in seven controlled trials about PREH (including at least one dynamic resistance exercise and one control session) conducted by two research laboratories. The interindividual variation was assessed by the standard deviation of the individual responses (SDIR), and linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the predictors.Results: PREH showed moderate interindividual variation for systolic (SBP, SDIR=4.4mmHg; 0.35 standardised units) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP, SDIR=3.6mmHg; 0.32 standardised units). For systolic PREH, multivariate regression analysis (R2=0.069) revealed higher baseline SBP (B=−0.157, p=0.008) and higher number of sets (B=−3.910, p=0.041) as significant predictors. For diastolic PREH, multivariate regression analysis (R2=0.174) revealed higher baseline DBP (B=−0.191, p=0.001) and higher exercise volume (i.e. number of exercises *sets per exercise *repetitions per sets &gt;150; B=−4.212, p=0.001) as significant predictors.Conclusion: PREH has a considerable interindividual variation. Greater PREH magnitude is observed in individuals with higher baseline blood pressure and after exercise protocols that comprehend higher number of sets and exercise volume.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Jienan Niu ◽  
Ningning Huang ◽  
Qifang Yan

To describe the mechanical properties of the system of pipe pile-soil reasonably and accurately, the constitutive relations of the soil around pile and pile core soil are characterized by the fractional derivative viscoelastic model. We assume that the radial and circumferential displacements of the soil around the pile and pile core soil are the functions of r, θ, and z. The horizontal dynamic control equations of soil layers are derived by using the fractional derivative viscoelastic model. Considering the fractional derivative properties, soil layer boundary condition, and contact condition of pile and soil, the potential function decomposition method is used to solve the radial and circumferential displacements of the soil layer. Then, the force of unit thickness soil layer on the pipe pile and the impedance factor of the soil layer are obtained. The horizontal dynamic equations of pipe pile are established considering the effect of soil layers. The horizontal dynamic impedance and horizontal-swaying dynamic resistance at the pile top are obtained by combining the pipe pile-soil boundary conditions and the orthogonal operation of trigonometric function. Numerical solutions are used to analyze the influence of pile and soil parameters on the soil impedance factor and horizontal dynamic impedance at pile top. The results show that the horizontal impedance factors of the soil layer and horizontal dynamic impedance of pipe pile by using the fractional derivative viscoelastic model can be degraded to those of the classical viscoelastic model and the elastic model. For the fractional derivative viscoelastic model of soil layer, the influence of soil around pile on the dynamic impedance is greater than that of pile core soil. The model parameter TOa, the inner radius of pipe pile, and the pile length have obvious effects on the horizontal impedance of the soil layer and pipe pile, while the influence of the pile core soil on the pile impedance is smaller.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Pérez de la Parte ◽  
Alejandro Espinel Hernández ◽  
Mario César Sánchez Orozco ◽  
Angel Sánchez Roca ◽  
Emilio Jiménez Macias ◽  
...  

Abstract This paper researches the effect of zinc coating of galvanized DP600 steel on the dynamic resistance and the delayed nugget formation of dissimilar DP600 - AISI304 welded joints, obtained with resistance spot welding process (RSW). The RSW evaluations consisted of determining, from the dynamic resistance curves, the time involved in the different stages of the process, particularly the beginning of nugget formation. The experimental results showed that, from the dynamic resistance curves, it is possible to identify 8 distinct stages during the welding of galvanized DP600 steel and AISI304 stainless steel. In the case of the welding of uncoated DP600 steel with AISI304, only 6 stages are identified (except for stages 2 and 3), which are directly related to the heating, softening and melting of the galvanic coating. The energy used in stages 2 and 3, causes a delay in the beginning of nugget formation for welded joints obtained with galvanized DP600 steel compared to uncoated DP600 - AISI304 welded joints, reaching values between 37.28 ms and 52.29 ms for the welding conditions analyzed. Monitoring the time duration of stages 2 and 3, as defined from the analysis of the dynamic resistance curves, could be used as a tool to predict the beginning of nugget formation in the welding of galvanized steels, to avoid undesirable phenomena such as expulsion and to guarantee the quality of the welded joints.


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