scholarly journals Probability Forecast in Different Types of Behavior and in Rem Sleep in Frame of Search Activity Concept

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim Rotenberg
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Search Activity ◽  
Probability Forecast ◽  
Different Types

Search activity: A key to resolving contradictions in sleep/dream investigation

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 996-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Rotenberg
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Search Activity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Body Resistance ◽  
The Brain

The target articles on sleep and dreaming are discussed in terms of the concept of search activity integrating different types of behavior, body resistance, REM sleep/dream functions, and the brain catecholamine system. REM sleep may be functionally sufficient or insufficient, depending on the dream scenario, the latter being more important than the physiological manifestation of REM sleep. REM sleep contributes to memory consolidation in the indirect way.[Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]

The Septal Forebrain in Relation to REM Sleep, Hippocampal Theta and Sensory Regulation

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.L. Holdstock
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Environmental Noise ◽  
Theta Activity ◽  
Hippocampal Theta Activity ◽  
Sensory Regulation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hippocampal Theta ◽  
Compensatory Effect ◽  
Surprising Finding

Large lesions in the septal forebrain failed to influence the REM sleep of hooded rats under a number of different conditions. This was true whether the electrical activity of the cortex or the activity of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus were used as criteria to assess REM sleep. The amount of REM sleep of animals with and without lesions was the same under baseline and REM deprivations conditions, and also similar under conditions of different types of environmental noise. The most surprising finding was the persistence of hippocampal theta activity after septal co-agulation. As has been reported previously, REM deprivation causes an appreciable compensatory effect. The values of REM sleep obtained under baseline and deprivation conditions were comparable to that previously obtained in our laboratory.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Origin of Distinct NREM and REM Sleep

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risa Yamazaki ◽  
Hirofumi Toda ◽  
Paul-Antoine Libourel ◽  
Yu Hayashi ◽  
Kaspar E. Vogt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Insight Into

Sleep is mandatory in most animals that have the nervous system and is universally observed in model organisms ranging from the nematodes, zebrafish, to mammals. However, it is unclear whether different sleep states fulfill common functions and are driven by shared mechanisms in these different animal species. Mammals and birds exhibit two obviously distinct states of sleep, i.e., non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but it is unknown why sleep should be so segregated. Studying sleep in other animal models might give us clues that help solve this puzzle. Recent studies suggest that REM sleep, or ancestral forms of REM sleep might be found in non-mammalian or -avian species such as reptiles. These observations suggest that REM sleep and NREM sleep evolved earlier than previously thought. In this review, we discuss the evolutionary origin of the distinct REM/NREM sleep states to gain insight into the mechanistic and functional reason for these two different types of sleep.

scholarly journals No Difference in Sleep and RBD between Different Types of Patients with Multiple System Atrophy: A Pilot Video-Polysomnographical Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria-Lucia Muntean ◽  
Friederike Sixel-Döring ◽  
Claudia Trenkwalder
Keyword(s):  
Multiple System Atrophy ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Sleep Efficiency ◽  
Periodic Limb Movements ◽  
Limb Movements ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cerebellar Type

Background. Patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA), similarly to patients with alpha-synucleinopathies, can present with different sleep problems. We sought to analyze sleep problems in the two subtypes of the disease MSA cerebellar type (MSA-C) and MSA parkinsonian type (MSA-P), paying special attention to REM sleep disturbances and periodic limb movements (PLMs).Methods. In the study we included 11 MSA-C and 27 MSA-P patients who underwent one night polysomnography. For the analysis, there were 37 valid polysomnographic studies.Results. Sleep efficiency was decreased in both groups (MSA-C, 64.27% ± 12.04%; MSA-P, 60.64% ± 6.01%). The PLM indices using standard measures, in sleep (PLMS) and while awake (PLMW), were high in both groups (MSA-C patients: PLMS index 72 ± 65, PLMW index 38 ± 33; MSA-P patients: PLMS index 66 ± 63, PLMW index 48 ± 37). Almost one-third of the MSA patients of both groups presented features of RLS on video-polysomnography. RBD was described in 8/11 (73%) patients with MSA-C and 19/25 (76%) patients with MSA-P (P=0.849).Conclusion. Our results showed very similar polysomnographic results for both MSA-P and MSA-C patients as a probable indicator for the similar pathologic mechanism of the disease and especially of its sleep problems.

The extinction time of a general birth and death process with catastrophes

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Laplace Transform ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Laplace transform of the extinction time is determined for a general birth and death process with arbitrary catastrophe rate and catastrophe size distribution. It is assumed only that the birth rates satisfyλ0= 0,λj> 0 for eachj> 0, and. Necessary and sufficient conditions for certain extinction of the population are derived. The results are applied to the linear birth and death process (λj=jλ, µj=jμ) with catastrophes of several different types.

Differentiating between different forms of moral obligations

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Moral Character ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Different Types

Abstract We argue that Tomasello's account overlooks important psychological distinctions between how humans judge different types of moral obligations, such as prescriptive obligations (i.e., what one should do) and proscriptive obligations (i.e., what one should not do). Specifically, evaluating these different types of obligations rests on different psychological inputs and has distinct downstream consequences for judgments of moral character.

Ultrastructural Investigations of the Contractile Filaments of Amoebae

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
P.L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Amoeboid Movement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Complete Interpretation

Previous freeze fracture results on the intact giant, amoeba Chaos carolinensis indicated the presence of a fibrillar arrangement of filaments within the cytoplasm. A complete interpretation of the three dimensional ultrastructure of these structures, and their possible role in amoeboid movement was not possible, since comparable results could not be obtained with conventional fixation of intact amoebae. Progress in interpreting the freeze fracture images of amoebae required a more thorough understanding of the different types of filaments present in amoebae, and of the ways in which they could be organized while remaining functional.The recent development of a calcium sensitive, demembranated, amoeboid model of Chaos carolinensis has made it possible to achieve a better understanding of such functional arrangements of amoeboid filaments. In these models the motility of demembranated cytoplasm can be controlled in vitro, and the chemical conditions necessary for contractility, and cytoplasmic streaming can be investigated. It is clear from these studies that “fibrils” exist in amoeboid models, and that they are capable of contracting along their length under conditions similar to those which cause contraction in vertebrate muscles.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

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