Aliasing of ocean tides in satellite gravimetry: a two-step mechanism

The effect of decationation on the interaction of propylene and ethylene with the hydroxylated forms of HNaY zeolites has been studied. The compounds formed in the zeolite cavities were studied using their infrared spectra, the composition of the gaseous phase was followed by mass spectrometry. The results showed that among factors affecting the interaction with propylene properties of hydroxyl groups play the decisive role. With the increasing decationation of the zeolite the strength of the OH bond in the hydrogen complex of the large-cavity hydroxyls with propylene decreased and the rate of propylene oligomeration at 310 K as well as the isotope exchange rate of propylene-d6 with the zeolite hydroxyls at 570 K increased. The propylene isotope exchange reaction proceeded by the multiple-step mechanism. In the case of ethylene only the physical sorption with a non-specific character was observed at 310 K. The adsorbed amount increased with the increasing content of Na+ ions in the zeolite (with the decreasing decationation). A part of the adsorbed molecules formed hydrogen complexes with hydroxyls of large cavities. The observed lower weakening of the OH bond was in agreement with the lower basicity of ethylene if compared with propylene. The isotope exchange of ethylene-d4 with the zeolite hydroxyls proceeded by a single-step mechanism, it had an autocatalytic character and its rate was 70 times lower than that of the isotope exchange of propylene-d6 with OH.

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A Ten Step Mechanism for the Pitting Corrosion of Aluminium Alloys

Corrosion Reviews ◽

10.1515/corrrev.1997.15.3-4.471 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 15 (3-4) ◽

pp. 471-496 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

M.C. Reboul, ◽

T.J. Warner, ◽

H. Mayer, ◽

B. Barouk,

Keyword(s):

Pitting Corrosion ◽

Aluminium Alloys ◽

Step Mechanism

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GNSS Profile from the Greenland Korth Expeditions in the Context of Satellite Data

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11031115 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 1115

Author(s):

Aleš Bezděk ◽

Jakub Kostelecký ◽

Josef Sebera ◽

Thomas Hitziger

Keyword(s):

Ice Sheet ◽

Satellite Observations ◽

Elevation Change ◽

Gradual Decline ◽

Satellite Gravimetry ◽

Surface Elevation Change ◽

Satellite Radar ◽

Gnss Measurements ◽

Gnss Data ◽

Satellite Radar Altimetry

Over the last two decades, a small group of researchers repeatedly crossed the Greenland interior skiing along a 700-km long route from east to west, acquiring precise GNSS measurements at exactly the same locations. Four such elevation profiles of the ice sheet measured in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2015 were differenced and used to analyze the surface elevation change. Our goal is to compare such locally measured GNSS data with independent satellite observations. First, we show an agreement in the rate of elevation change between the GNSS data and satellite radar altimetry (ERS, Envisat, CryoSat-2). Both datasets agree well (2002–2015), and both correctly display local features such as an elevation increase in the central part of the ice sheet and a sharp gradual decline in the surface heights above Jakobshavn Glacier. Second, we processed satellite gravimetry data (GRACE) in order for them to be comparable with local GNSS measurements. The agreement is demonstrated by a time series at one of the measurement sites. Finally, we provide our own satellite gravimetry (GRACE, GRACE-FO, Swarm) estimate of the Greenland mass balance: first a mild decrease (2002–2007: −210 ± 29 Gt/yr), then an accelerated mass loss (2007–2012: −335 ± 29 Gt/yr), which was noticeably reduced afterwards (2012–2017: −178 ± 72 Gt/yr), and nowadays it seems to increase again (2018–2019: −278 ± 67 Gt/yr).

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Analysis of the possibility and molecular mechanism of carbon dioxide consumption in the Diels-Alder processes

Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1515/pac-2020-1009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Karolina Kula ◽

Agnieszka Kącka-Zych ◽

Agnieszka Łapczuk-Krygier ◽

Radomir Jasiński

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Lewis Acids ◽

Chemical Reactivity ◽

Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽

Diels Alder ◽

Wide Range ◽

Bet Analysis ◽

Earth’S Climate ◽

Step Mechanism

Abstract The large and significant increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere is a serious problem for humanity. The amount of CO2 is increasing steadily which causes a harmful greenhouse effect that damages the Earth’s climate. Therefore, one of the current trends in modern chemistry and chemical technology are issues related to its utilization. This work includes the analysis of the possibility of chemical consumption of CO2 in Diels-Alder processes under non-catalytic and catalytic conditions after prior activation of the C=O bond. In addition to the obvious benefits associated with CO2 utilization, such processes open up the possibility of universal synthesis of a wide range of internal carboxylates. These studies have been performed in the framework of Molecular Electron Density Theory as a modern view of the chemical reactivity. It has been found, that explored DA reactions catalyzed by Lewis acids with the boron core, proceeds via unique stepwise mechanism with the zwitterionic intermediate. Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) analysis of the molecular mechanism associated with the DA reaction between cyclopentadiene and carbon dioxide indicates that it takes place thorough a two-stage one-step mechanism, which is initialized by formation of C–C single bond. In turn, the DA reaction between cyclopentadiene and carbon dioxide catalysed by BH3 extends in the environment of DCM, indicates that it takes place through a two-step mechanism. First path of catalysed DA reaction is characterized by 10 different phases, while the second by eight topologically different phases.

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Thermal activation of the purified rat hepatic glucocorticoid receptor. Evidence for a two-step mechanism.

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36229-4 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 260 (30) ◽

pp. 16255-16262 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T J Schmidt ◽

A Miller-Diener ◽

M L Webb ◽

G Litwack

Keyword(s):

Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽

Thermal Activation ◽

Step Mechanism

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Structural Insight into the Two-Step Mechanism of PAI-1 Inhibition by Small Molecule TM5484

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22031482 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 1482 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Machteld Sillen ◽

Toshio Miyata ◽

Douglas E. Vaughan ◽

Sergei V. Strelkov ◽

Paul J. Declerck

Keyword(s):

Binding Site ◽

Small Molecule ◽

Intracellular Signaling ◽

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor ◽

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ◽

Joint Region ◽

Flexible Joint ◽

Step Mechanism ◽

Pai 1

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a key regulator of the fibrinolytic system, is the main physiological inhibitor of plasminogen activators. By interacting with matrix components, including vitronectin (Vn), PAI-1 plays a regulatory role in tissue remodeling, cell migration, and intracellular signaling. Emerging evidence points to a role for PAI-1 in various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and fibrosis. Targeting PAI-1 is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy in PAI-1-related pathologies. A class of small molecule inhibitors including TM5441 and TM5484, designed to bind the cleft in the central β-sheet A of PAI-1, showed to be potent PAI-1 inhibitors in vivo. However, their binding site has not yet been confirmed. Here, we report two X-ray crystallographic structures of PAI-1 in complex with TM5484. The structures revealed a binding site at the flexible joint region, which is distinct from the presumed binding site. Based on the structural analysis and biochemical data we propose a mechanism for the observed dose-dependent two-step mechanism of PAI-1 inhibition. By binding to the flexible joint region in PAI-1, TM5484 might restrict the structural flexibility of this region, thereby inducing a substrate form of PAI-1 followed by a conversion to an inert form.

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