scholarly journals A resource-poor developmental diet reduces adult aggression in male Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Edmunds ◽  
Stuart Wigby ◽  
Jennifer C. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Male Aggression ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
Aggressive Behaviours

AbstractAggressive behaviours occur throughout the animal kingdom and agonistic contests often govern access to resources. Nutrition experienced during development has the potential to influence aggressive behaviours in adults through effects on growth, energy budgets and an individual’s internal state. In particular, resource-poor developmental nutrition might decrease adult aggression by limiting growth and energy budgets, or alternatively might increase adult aggression by enhancing motivation to compete for resources. However, the direction of this relationship—and effects of developmental nutrition experienced by rivals—remains unknown in most species, limiting understanding of how early-life environments contribute to variation in aggression. We investigated these alternative hypotheses by assessing male-male aggression in adult fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, that developed on a low-, medium- or high-resource diet, manipulated via yeast content. We found that a low-resource developmental diet reduced the probability of aggressive lunges in adults, as well as threat displays against rivals that developed on a low-resource diet. These effects appeared to be independent of diet-related differences in body mass. Males performed relatively more aggression on a central food patch when facing rivals of a low-resource diet, suggesting that developmental diet affects aggressive interactions through social effects in addition to individual effects. Our finding that resource-poor developmental diets reduce male-male aggression in D. melanogaster is consistent with the idea that resource budgets mediate aggression and in a mass-independent manner. Our study improves understanding of the links between nutrition and aggression.Significance statementEarly-life nutrition can influence social behaviours in adults. Aggression is a widespread social behaviour with important consequences for fitness. Using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, we show that a poor developmental diet reduces aspects of adult aggressive behaviour in males. Furthermore, males perform more aggression near food patches when facing rivals of poor nutrition. This suggests that early-life nutrition affects aggressive interactions through social effects in addition to individual effects.

Social effects for locomotion vary between environments in Drosophila melanogaster females

Evolution ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1765-1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Signor ◽  
Mohammad Abbasi ◽  
Paul Marjoram ◽  
Sergey V. Nuzhdin
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Social Effects

Clonal fish are more aggressive to distant relatives in a low resource environment

Behaviour ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 155 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber M. Makowicz ◽  
Tana Moore ◽  
Ingo Schlupp
Keyword(s):  
Kin Selection ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Kin Discrimination ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Partner Type ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Amazon Molly ◽  
Related Individuals ◽  
Aggressive Behaviours ◽  
Resource Environment

Abstract Kin selection explains conditions under which closely related individuals should be less antagonistic towards one another. One benefit of kin selection is a reduction in aggression towards kin in various social contexts, such as foraging. In the gynogenetic Amazon molly, females have been shown to differentiate between clone types, preferring to associate with clonal sisters to non-sisters, regulating their aggressive behaviours accordingly. We ask if Amazon mollies in resource-limited environments retain the ability to regulate aggressive behaviours according to relatedness. We found that focal females regulated their aggressive behaviours depending on partner type. Females spent more time behaving aggressively towards the heterospecific females than either of the clonal lineages, and towards non-sister clones compared to clonal sisters. We are able to confirm that kin discrimination is maintained, resulting in females showing more aggression towards heterospecific females and non-sister clones in a food-limited environment, and that this aggression scales with relatedness.

scholarly journals The selection of invisible mutations

1942 ◽  
Vol 131 (862) ◽  
pp. 50-64 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Inbred Line ◽  
Small Individual ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
Selection Of

An inbred line of Drosophila melanogaster was selected, in two separate experiments, for the manifestation of polygenic characters over periods of twenty-one and fifty-three generations respectively. In one case change with selection, when it occurred, was smooth, but in the second experiment it proceeded in the form of sudden steps separated by periods in which selection was ineffective. These jumps are due to the recombination of the mutations to which individual polygenes have given rise. Masked by the non-heritable fluctuations of the character, these mutations, having small individual effects, accumulate until recombinations give rise to more extreme variants, which fluctuation can no longer hide. Selection then becomes effective in producing a change in the character.

scholarly journals Regular responses to selection 3. Interaction between located polygenes

1966 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Spickett ◽  
J. M. Thoday
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Linkage Group ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Directional Selection ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
Number Lines ◽  
Individual Effects ◽  
Chromosome Ii

1. This paper describes further investigations of the high sternopleural chaeta-number lines of Drosophila melanogaster established by directional selection by Thoday & Boam (Genet. Res. 2, 161). The lines are vg 4 with a mean of 35·6 and vg 6 with a mean of 39·2 chaetae per fly.2. Two locatable polygenes, 3a and 3b, distinguish the line third chromosomes from those of Oregon inbred (mean about 20·5, an ancestor of all the lines). These two genes are both located between the markers h and eyg and do not interact.3. There is one locatable polygene at 41·1 ± 1·7 centiMorgans distinguishing the line second chromosomes from those of Oregon. There is no evidence that this gene is a linked complex, and, if it be a linked complex, it is unlikely to occupy more than 2 map units of the second linkage group. It interacts strongly and positively with the gene 3a.4. These three genes account for 80% of the genetic variance of the vg 4 × Oregon F2.5. Two separate regions at 2·4 ± 0·5 and 50·5 ± 0·9 centiMorgans distinguish the vg 6 × chromosome from that of Oregon. They do not appear to interact. Together they interact strongly and positively with gene 3a.6. These five genes account for 87·5% of the chaeta-number difference between vg 6 and Oregon.7. The locatable polygenes on chromosomes II and III each have qualitatively distinguishable developmental effects.8. It is pointed out that, though the genetics of these lines may be unusually simple, the results indicate that attempts to locate specific genes and study their individual effects should be made more often by students of continuous variation. Since the location of the polygene in chromosome II was done using marker genes 45 map units apart, such studies may be practicable even in species whose linkage groups are much less well marked than those of Drosophila melanogaster.

scholarly journals Intrinsic maturation of sleep output neurons regulates sleep ontogeny in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naihua Natalie Gong ◽  
An H Dang ◽  
Benjamin Mainwaring ◽  
Emily Shields ◽  
Karl Schmeckpeper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Molecular Processes ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Output Neurons ◽  
Sleep Control

The maturation of sleep behavior across a lifespan (sleep ontogeny) is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon. Mammalian studies have shown that in addition to increased sleep duration, early life sleep exhibits stark differences compared to mature sleep with regard to the amount of time spent in certain sleep states. How intrinsic maturation of sleep output circuits contributes to sleep ontogeny is poorly understood. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster exhibits multifaceted changes to sleep from juvenile to mature adulthood. Here, we use a non-invasive probabilistic approach to investigate changes in sleep architecture in juvenile and mature flies. Increased sleep in juvenile flies is driven primarily by a decreased probability of transitioning to wake, and characterized by more time in deeper sleep states. Functional manipulations of sleep-promoting neurons in the dFB suggest these neurons differentially regulate sleep in juvenile and mature flies. Transcriptomic analysis of dFB neurons at different ages and a subsequent RNAi screen implicate genes involved in distinct molecular processes in sleep control of juvenile and mature flies. These results reveal that dynamic transcriptional states of sleep output neurons contribute to changes in sleep across the lifespan.

scholarly journals Larval diet affects adult reproduction but not survival regardless of injury and infection stress in Drosophila melanogaster

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eevi Savola ◽  
Pedro Vale ◽  
Craig Walling
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Early Life Conditions ◽  
Rate Of Ageing

ABSTRACTEarly-life conditions have profound effects on many life-history traits. In particular, early-life diet affects both juvenile development, and adult survival and reproduction. Early-life diet also has consequences for the ability of adults to withstand stressors such as starvation, temperature and desiccation. However, it is less well known how early-life diet influences the ability of adults to respond to infection. Here we test whether varying the larval diet of female Drosophila melanogaster (through altering protein to carbohydrate ratio, P:C) influences the long-term response to injury and infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas entomophila. Given previous work manipulating adult dietary P:C, we predicted that adults from larvae raised on higher P:C diets would be more likely to survive infection and have increased reproduction, but shorter lifespans and an increased rate of ageing. For larval development, we predicted that low P:C would lead to a longer development time and lower viability. We found that early-life and lifetime egg production were highest at intermediate to high larval P:C diets, but there was no effect of larval P:C on adult survival. Larval diet had no effect on survival or reproduction post-infection. Larval development was quickest on intermediate P:C and egg-to-pupae and egg-to-adult viability were higher on higher P:C. Overall, despite larval P:C affecting several traits measured in this study, we saw no evidence that larval P:C altered the consequence of infection or injury for adult survival and early-life and lifetime reproduction. Taken together, these data suggest that larval diets appear to have a limited impact on adult response to infection.

1. Introduction—Principles and Themes of Land Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Emma Lees
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Land Law ◽  
Law System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Individual Effects

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the land law system. The operation of the land law rules can be split into three central questions: first, the content and nature of individual rights in land — both ownership-estates and interests in another's land; second, the method of creation and transfer of these individual rights; and third, the interaction between these rights and the rights of others. The law's answer to these questions is shaped by the social context within which the rules operate, and by the principles of land law. These principles are certainty; sensitivity to context; transactability; systemic and individual effects; and the importance of recognising social effects. The chapter then considers the logic of the land law system. Understanding this logic begins with understanding the terminology, and this terminology is nowhere more unhelpful but essential than in the distinction between legal and equitable rights, and in the concept of ownership.

scholarly journals Making family planning accessible in resource-poor settings

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1532) ◽  
pp. 3093-3099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ndola Prata
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Low Resource Settings ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Family Planning Methods

It is imperative to make family planning more accessible in low resource settings. The poorest couples have the highest fertility, the lowest contraceptive use and the highest unmet need for contraception. It is also in the low resource settings where maternal and child mortality is the highest. Family planning can contribute to improvements in maternal and child health, especially in low resource settings where overall access to health services is limited. Four critical steps should be taken to increase access to family planning in resource-poor settings: (i) increase knowledge about the safety of family planning methods; (ii) ensure contraception is genuinely affordable to the poorest families; (iii) ensure supply of contraceptives by making family planning a permanent line item in healthcare system's budgets and (iv) take immediate action to remove barriers hindering access to family planning methods. In Africa, there are more women with an unmet need for family planning than women currently using modern methods. Making family planning accessible in low resource settings will help decrease the existing inequities in achieving desired fertility at individual and country level. In addition, it could help slow population growth within a human rights framework. The United Nations Population Division projections for the year 2050 vary between a high of 10.6 and a low of 7.4 billion. Given that most of the growth is expected to come from today's resource-poor settings, easy access to family planning could make a difference of billions in the world in 2050.

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