scholarly journals Epibenthic megafauna communities in Northeast Greenland vary across coastal, continental shelf and slope habitats

Polar Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1623-1642
Author(s):  
Rosalyn Fredriksen ◽  
Jørgen S. Christiansen ◽  
Erik Bonsdorff ◽  
Lars-Henrik Larsen ◽  
Marie C. Nordström ◽  
...  

Abstract The marine area of Northeast Greenland belongs to the largest national park in the world. Biodiversity assessments and tailored conservation measures often target specific physiographic or oceanographic features of an area for which detailed knowledge on their biological communities is incomplete. This study, therefore, characterizes epibenthic megafauna communities in a priori defined seabed habitats (fjord, shelf, shelf break and slope) and their relationship to environmental conditions in Northeast Greenland waters as a basis for conservation and management planning. Megabenthos was sampled from the Bessel Fjord across the shelf to the upper continental slope between latitudes 74.55°N–79.27°N and longitudes 5.22°W–21.72°W by Campelen and Agassiz trawls at 18 locations (total of 33 samples) at depths between 65 and 1011 m in August 2015 and September 2017. A total of 276 taxa were identified. Gross estimates of abundance ranged from 4 to 854 individuals 1000 m−2 and biomass ranged from 65 to 528 g wet weight 1000 m−2 (2017 only). The phyla Arthropoda and Porifera contributed the most to taxon richness, while Mollusca and Echinodermata were the most abundant, and Echinodermata had the highest biomass of all phyla. Fjord, shelf, shelf break and slope seabed habitats revealed different megafaunal communities that were partly explained by gradients in depth, bottom oxygen concentration, temperature, salinity, and turbidity. The present study provides a current baseline of megabenthos across seabed habitats in Northeast Greenlandic waters and reveals putative connections between Arctic and Atlantic biota.

Author(s):  
Inés Gómez Menéndez ◽  
André Scarambone Zaú ◽  
Richieri Antônio Sartori

The Tijuca National Park is considered to be the world’s second largest urban forest, and was contemplated by the first project project for the recuperation of degraded habitats in Brazil. As it is located in the center of Brazil’s second-largest city, Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca is also a popular attraction for both tourists and residents, and includes features such as scenic lookouts, waterfalls, and trails. In 2014, a research program was initiated to evaluate anthropogenic impacts on the diverse biological communities found in the vicinity of the waterfalls in which visitors bathe. In this context, the present study evaluated the impacts on the vegetation, with the aim of providing park administrators with guidelines for the regulation and management of these leisure activities. The study focused on the waterfalls located upstream from the Baronesa bridge, and the impacts on the local shrubby/arboreal-regenerative stratum. Data were collected in 10 plots of 10 m x 2.5 m located in the vicinity of the river, for comparison with an additional 10 plots located at a distance of 30 m from the river, in areas that suffer less direct impact from visitation. A number of parameters were compared between the sets of plots, including indices of diversity and evenness, mean height, basal area, density, and the presence of tillers, and exotic and endangered species, the edaphic conditions, the proportion of exposed soil, and the slope. The data were analyzed using both univariate (Student’s t, Mann-Whitney’s U) and multivariate (NMDS, Cluster Analysis, ANOSIM and NPMANOVA) procedures. The results indicated that the composition of the vegetation varied significantly between environments, with a lower diversity and greater structural homogeneity being found closer to the river. This indicates the simplification of the plant community in this environment, which was interpreted as evidence of degradation caused directly by visitors. The exposure of the soil and the number of individuals with tillers – that could be a result of the systematic breaking of saplings – were significantly greater in the plots adjacent to the river. This indicated that visitors to the waterfalls had a direct impact on the riparian vegetation. Avaliação de impactos da visitação na vegetação associada a cachoeiras no Parque Nacional da Tijuca (RJ) RESUMO O Parque da Tijuca é considerado a segunda maior floresta urbana do mundo, na qual ocorreram os primeiros projetos de recuperação de áreas degradadas do Brasil. Por conta de estar localizada no centro da segunda maior cidade brasileira, o Rio de Janeiro, é também uma atração para turistas e residentes, com muitas cachoeiras e trilhas. Em 2014 foi iniciado no Parque um conjunto de pesquisas para avaliar impactos antrópicos sobre diversas comunidades biológicas em uma área de quedas d’água, utilizadas para banho pelos visitantes, apesar das restrições descritas no Plano de Manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e auxiliar na decisão da administração do Parque de manejar essa atividade nas cachoeiras situadas à montante da Ponte da Baronesa, entre elas a Cascata da Gruta, a Cachoeira da Gabriela e a Cachoeira da Diamantina, avaliando impactos sobre o estrato arbustivo/arbóreo-regenerante. Alocamos 10 parcelas de 10x2,5m no entorno do rio: a priori com influência antrópica direta; e 10 parcelas distantes 30m dessas: em tese trechos menos sujeitos ao impacto direto da visitação. Foram calculados indicadores de diversidade (riqueza observada, esperada e equabilidade), fitossociologia (Índice de Valor de Importância, considerando densidade, dominância e frequência), estrutura da vegetação (altura média, área basal, densidade de indivíduos, proporção de indivíduos com múltiplos perfilhos, proporção de indivíduos de espécies exóticas, proporção de indivíduos de espécies ameaçadas) e condições edáficas (proporção de solo exposto e declividade). Foram realizadas comparações estatísticas univariadas através dos testes de "t de Student" e Mann Whitney, e multivariadas (NMDS, Análise de Agrupamento, ANOSIM e NPMANOVA). Os resultados apontaram composição florística distinta nos dois ambientes, com menor diversidade e maior homogeneidade estrutural na vegetação imediatamente às margens do rio. Levantamos a hipótese de simplificação da comunidade vegetal neste contexto, sendo esse fato interpretado como um indicativo de degradação antrópica. A exposição do solo e a proporção de indivíduos perfilhados (possível resultado de quebra sistemática de galhos e arvoretas), significativamente maiores no entorno do rio, foram apontados como impactos associados ao trânsito de visitantes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Gestão da Visitação; Impacto Antrópico; Unidades de Conservação.


Author(s):  
M. Jakubauskas ◽  
Ludmila Moskal ◽  
M. Houts ◽  
K. Price

Detailed knowledge of forest structure is an important component in research focusing on forest biodiversity monitoring, carbon budgeting studies, fire modeling and forest inventory estimation. In forest inventory mapping, high spatial resolution multispectral imagery are becoming a valuable and often a critical tool to effective resource management planning. In this report, we describe and illustrate the forestry applications of a multispectral digital imaging camera system (DuncanTech MS3100) that was experimentally flown over several study areas in the Central Plateau of Yellowstone National Park, in July, 2001. The purpose of this demonstration is three fold; first we will apply geostatistical methods, co-kriging specifically, to model forest canopy components such as height, canopy thiclmess, species, density and structure; second, we will examine the spectral and spatial characteristics of seedling regeneration in the 1988 burn sites; finally, forest stand characteristics such as stem counts, crown species and amount of deadfall (potential fire fuel) will be estimated for selected sites. Our results will be compared to information acquired from coarser resolution, multispectral Landsat TM data obtained on the same date.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Carsten Strzalka ◽  
◽  
Manfred Zehn ◽  

For the analysis of structural components, the finite element method (FEM) has become the most widely applied tool for numerical stress- and subsequent durability analyses. In industrial application advanced FE-models result in high numbers of degrees of freedom, making dynamic analyses time-consuming and expensive. As detailed finite element models are necessary for accurate stress results, the resulting data and connected numerical effort from dynamic stress analysis can be high. For the reduction of that effort, sophisticated methods have been developed to limit numerical calculations and processing of data to only small fractions of the global model. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the position of a component’s highly stressed areas is of great advantage for any present or subsequent analysis steps. In this paper an efficient method for the a priori detection of highly stressed areas of force-excited components is presented, based on modal stress superposition. As the component’s dynamic response and corresponding stress is always a function of its excitation, special attention is paid to the influence of the loading position. Based on the frequency domain solution of the modally decoupled equations of motion, a coefficient for a priori weighted superposition of modal von Mises stress fields is developed and validated on a simply supported cantilever beam structure with variable loading positions. The proposed approach is then applied to a simplified industrial model of a twist beam rear axle.


2002 ◽  
Vol 452 ◽  
pp. 97-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. CENEDESE ◽  
P. F. LINDEN

Buoyancy-driven surface currents were generated in the laboratory by releasing buoyant fluid from a source adjacent to a vertical boundary in a rotating container. Different bottom topographies that simulate both a continental slope and a continental ridge were introduced in the container. The topography modified the flow in comparison with the at bottom case where the current grew in width and depth until it became unstable once to non-axisymmetric disturbances. However, when topography was introduced a second instability of the buoyancy-driven current was observed. The most important parameter describing the flow is the ratio of continental shelf width W to the width L* of the current at the onset of the instability. The values of L* for the first instability, and L*−W for the second instability were not influenced by the topography and were 2–6 times the Rossby radius. Thus, the parameter describing the flow can be expressed as the ratio of the width of the continental shelf to the Rossby radius. When this ratio is larger than 2–6 the second instability was observed on the current front. A continental ridge allowed the disturbance to grow to larger amplitude with formation of eddies and fronts, while a gentle continental slope reduced the growth rate and amplitude of the most unstable mode, when compared to the continental ridge topography. When present, eddies did not separate from the main current, and remained near the shelf break. On the other hand, for the largest values of the Rossby radius the first instability was suppressed and the flow was observed to remain stable. A small but significant variation was found in the wavelength of the first instability, which was smaller for a current over topography than over a flat bottom.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cony Antonio Decock ◽  
Leif Ryvarden ◽  
Mario Amalfi

Abstract During a survey of polypores in the montane forest of the Ôbo de São Tomé National Park, in the western African, equatorial island of São Tomé, a specimen that was, a priori, related to Fomitopsis, based on the gross morphology of the basidiome and a brown rot, showed deviating features including subglobose basidiospores with a large gutta, what pointed toward Niveoporofomes. Phylogenetic inferences based on multiple loci dataset (ITS-nLSU-nSSU-tef1-rpb2) confirmed these affinities, and Niveoporofomes oboensis is described as new. The species is compared to Fomitopsis widdringtoniae, known from southeast Africa, which is characterized also by subglobose basidiospores; hence, the new combination N. widdringtoniae is proposed. The new combination Niveoporofomes globosporus (basionym Trametes globospora) is also proposed based on phylogenetic analyses. A key to the species of Fomitopsis, Niveoporofomes, Rhodofomes, and Rhodofomitopsis in Tropical Africa is presented.


2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 516-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Kafeza ◽  
Joseph Shalhoub ◽  
Nina Salooja ◽  
Lucy Bingham ◽  
Konstantina Spagou ◽  
...  

Objective Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis remains a challenging problem. Various clinical prediction rules have been developed in order to improve diagnosis and decision making in relation to deep vein thrombosis. The purpose of this review is to summarise the available clinical scores and describe their applicability and limitations. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidance using the keywords: clinical score, clinical prediction rule, risk assessment, clinical probability, pretest probability, diagnostic score and medical Subject Heading terms: ‘Venous Thromboembolism/diagnosis’ OR ‘Venous Thrombosis/diagnosis’. Both development and validation studies were eligible for inclusion. Results The search strategy returned a total of 2036 articles, of which 102 articles met a priori criteria for inclusion. Eight different diagnostic scores were identified. The development of these scores differs in respect of the population included (hospital inpatients, hospital outpatients or primary care patients), the exclusion criteria, the inclusion of distal deep vein thrombosis and the use of D-dimer. The reliability and applicability of the scores in the context of specific subgroups (inpatients, cancer patients, elderly patients and those with recurrent deep vein thrombosis) remains controversial. Conclusion Detailed knowledge of the development of the various clinical prediction scores for deep vein thrombosis is essential in understanding the power, generalisability and limitations of these clinical tools.


2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Setyastuti

<p>The occurrence of sea cucumber, <em>Holothuria atra,</em> was assessed in the seagrass area of the Bama beach, Baluran National Park in East Java. The study investigated the frequency and early stages of seagrass association preference of <em>H. atra</em>. Survey was conducted in May 2011 using belt transect (1m x 100m with three replicates). Frequency of <em>H. atra</em> and their association with seagrass were recorded. Furthermore, length and wet weight of each individual of <em>H. atra</em> were measured. The total of 146 individuals of <em>H. atra </em>were observed in which 37.67% associated with <em>Enhalus acoroides </em>(EA), 23.29% associated with <em>Cymodocea rotundata </em>(CR), 23,29% associated with mixed seagrass species of <em>E. acoroides</em> and <em>C. rotundata, </em>and 15.75% associated with no seagrass habitats. The results suggested that small size <em>H. atra</em> might prefer to live under the taller seagrass stands such <em>E. acoroides</em>, which could be morphologically benefits the <em>H. atra</em> by providing better protection and shelter area.</p> <p>Keywords: <em>Holothuria atra</em>, <em>Enhalus acoroides</em>, <em>Cymodocea rotundata</em>, Baluran National Park</p>


Author(s):  
G Sampath

A method for sequencing a protein from a codon sequence is proposed. An unfolded protein molecule is threaded through a nano-sized pore in an electrolytic cell carboxyl end first and held with a voltage such that only the first residue is exposed in the trans chamber of the cell. A tRNA molecule in trans with matching anticodon for the residue binds itself to the latter in the presence of suitable catalysts. It is then cleaved and transferred to an extended electrolytic cell with N pores, 40 &le; N &le; 61, in N individual cis chambers and a single trans chamber. Each pore holds an RNA molecule ending in a unique codon that is held exposed in the trans chamber. In the presence of suitable catalysts the anticodon in the transferred tRNA binds with the codon of a matching RNA molecule. By reversing the voltages in the extended cell every RNA molecule except the one to which the transferred tRNA is bound retracts into its cis chamber, this identifies the residue unambiguously. The detected residue in the first cell is cleaved and the process repeated. Unlike in other nanopore-based methods, it suffices to detect the occurrence of a current blockade without having to measure the pore current precisely. A simplified but more time-consuming version that uses only the first cell is also described. In either case no a priori information about the protein is needed so de novo sequencing is possible. A feasibility analysis of the proposed scheme is presented.


2021 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 05009
Author(s):  
Liubov Eltsova ◽  
Elena Ivanova

Bioaccumulation of mercury in the food chain can pose a threat to human health. Therefore, in our article, we obtained data on the concentrations of mercury in the tissues of wild animals, which are a food resource for humans. We determined the mercury concentrations in liver, kidneys, muscles and hair of wild boar and moose, which are consumed by the population of the Russky Sever National Park. The average mercury concentrations in moose tissues ranged from 0.004 mg / kg wet weight in muscles to 0.079 mg / kg wet weight in kidneys. The average concentrations of mercury in boar tissues ranged from 0.136 mg / kg wet weight in wool to 0.711 mg / kg wet weight in kidneys. The main trends of mercury bioaccumulation in the tissues of moose and wild boar were determined.


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