Consequences of ankle joint immobilisation: insights from a morphometric analysis about fibre typification, intramuscular connective tissue, and muscle spindle in rats

Number of sclerotic glomeruli increases during the aging process. Consequently, majority of remained nonsclerosed glomeruli become hypertrophic and some of them sclerotic, too. The aim of this study was to quantify the size and connective tissue content of nonsclerosed glomeruli and to evaluate the percentage of hypertrophic ones in examined human cases during the aging. Material was right kidney's tissue of 30 cadavers obtained during routine autopsies. Cadavers were without previously diagnosed kidney disease, diabetes, hypertension, or any other systemic disease. Tissue specimens were routinely prepared for histological and morphometric analysis. Images of the histological slices were analyzed and captured under 400x magnification with digital camera. Further they were morphometrically and statistically analyzed with ImageJ and NCSS-PASS software. Multiple and linear regression of obtained morphometric parameters showed significant increase of glomerular connective tissue area and percentage. Cluster analysis showed the presence of two types of glomeruli. Second type was characterized with significantly larger size, connective tissue content, and significantly lower cellularity, in relation to the first type. Such glomeruli might be considered as hypertrophic. First type of glomeruli was predominant in younger cases, while second type of glomeruli was predominant in cases older than 55 years.

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Dietary lipid modulation of connective tissue matrix in rat abdominal aorta

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.3.r389 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 262 (3) ◽

pp. R389-R394 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. D. Hodgkin ◽

R. D. Gilbert ◽

P. J. Roos ◽

L. B. Sandberg ◽

R. J. Boucek

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Connective Tissue ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Morphometric Analysis ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Dietary Lipid ◽

Low Fat ◽

Abdominal Aortic ◽

Connective Tissue Matrix ◽

Tissue Matrix

Dietary lipid modulation of structural and passive mechanical properties of isolated rat abdominal aortic segments were assessed during the early developmental period. Rats were raised from conception to 90 days of age on semisynthetic diets containing various types and amounts of lipids. Aortic segments from three groups of rats fed high-fat diets (15%, wt/wt) consisting of olive oil, corn oil, or lard as the sole lipid sources were compared with those from rats fed a low-fat control diet containing corn oil (5%, wt/wt). Morphometric analysis of the tunica media demonstrated that rats raised on diets with a relatively low polyunsaturated fatty acid content (olive oil and lard) had greater numbers of elastic lamellae than rats raised on diets with opposite fatty acid indexes (high- and low-fat corn oil). Changes in elastin content of the tunica media, determined biochemically, paralleled those seen by morphometric analysis of the elastic lamellar number. Altered dietary fatty acid ratios were also associated with changes in smooth muscle cell number. In this regard, a decreased cellular density was observed in the olive oil and lard diets compared with the corn oil diet. The olive oil diet was unique amongst the dietary lipid regimens in raising, whereas the lard-containing diet lowered, indexes of aortic tissue elasticity. These results demonstrate an effect of chronic feeding of high dietary fat on the composition and biomechanical properties of the connective tissue matrix of abdominal aortic rings from young Sprague-Dawley rats.

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Density and distribution of α-bungarotoxin-binding sites in postsynaptic structures of regenerated rat skeletal muscle

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.88.2.338 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 338-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

D Bader

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Connective Tissue ◽

Morphometric Analysis ◽

Binding Sites ◽

Acetylcholine Receptors ◽

Mammalian Skeletal Muscle ◽

Rat Skeletal Muscle ◽

Em Autoradiography ◽

Postsynaptic Differentiation ◽

Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle

Acetylcholine receptors (AChR) are organized in a discrete and predictable fashion in the postsynaptic regions of vertebrate skeletal muscle. When muscle is damaged, nerves and myofibers including muscular elements of the endplate degenerate, but the connective tissue elements survive. Muscle fibers regenerate within the basal lamina of the original myofiber. Postsynaptic differentiation in regenerated mammalian skeletal muscle can occur in different ways: (a) at the site of the original endplate in the presence or absence of the nerve, or (b) at ectopic regions of the regenerated myofiber in the presence of the nerve when the original endplate is not present. The present study used (125)I-α- bungarotoxin ((125)I-α-BuTX) and EM autoradiography to examine the density and distribution of AChR in postsynaptic structures regenerated at the site of the original endplate in the absence of the nerve and at ectopic sites of the myofiber in the presence of the nerve when the original endplate was removed. In regenerated myofibers, the density of α-BuTX-binding sites fell within the range of densities observed in uninjured muscle whether postsynaptic differentiation occurred at the site of the original endplate in the absence of the nerve or at an originally ectopic position of the regenerated myofiber. In addition, the distribution of α-BuTX-binding sites within the regenerated postsynaptic regions closely resembled the distribution of apha-BuTX- binding sites in uninjured muscle. Morphometric analysis was performed on postsynaptic structures formed at the site of the original endplate in the absence of the nerve or at an ectopic position of the regenerated myofiber by interaction of the nerve and muscle. Although variation in the depth of the primary cleft occurred, there was little difference between the overall structure of regenerated postsynaptic structures and that of endplates of uninjured muscles.

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Morphometric Analysis of the Kidney Lesions in Mixed Connective Tissue Disease(MCTD).

The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1620/tjem.174.141 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 174 (2) ◽

pp. 141-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

TAKASHI SAWAI ◽

KAZUHIRO MURAKAMI ◽

YUKIKO KURASONO

Keyword(s):

Connective Tissue ◽

Connective Tissue Disease ◽

Morphometric Analysis ◽

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease ◽

Kidney Lesions

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ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION SYSTEM DURING CHRONIC INFLAMATION OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN COWS

Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy ◽

10.17816/rcf10353-54 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 53-54

Author(s):

Konstantin Aleksandrovich Nadein

Keyword(s):

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Connective Tissue ◽

Glutathione Reductase ◽

Chronic Inflammation ◽

Ankle Joint ◽

Protection System ◽

Control Group ◽

Clinical Test ◽

Antioxidant Protection ◽

Antioxidant Protection System

As clinical test material we studied the blood serum taken from clinically healthy animals (the control group) and animals with chronic inflammation of the connective tissue in an ankle joint (the experimental group). To study the antioxidant protection system enzyme component condition in cows we examined the following: catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity (as a substrate we used hydrogen dioxide and glutathione reductase), ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase activity. A spectrocolorimeter «Specol 210» was used to determine the solutions absorbancy. The results shows the breakdown of membrane-bounded enzymes activity (such as glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase). These enzymes characterize the antioxidant protection system condition. It is essential to examine the antioxidant protection system condition in animals with chronic inflammation of the connective tissue in an ankle joint to enrich our knowledge about the mechanism of metabolic disorder at this type of pathology, as well as to treat and correct possible complications.

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ESTIMATION OF ANKLE JOINT ANGLE FROM PERONEAL AND TIBIAL ELECTRONEUROGRAMS — A MUSCLE SPINDLE MODEL APPROACH

Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology ◽

10.1142/s0219519412005046 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (04) ◽

pp. 1250080 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

CHING-CHAO CHAN ◽

CHOU-CHING K. LIN ◽

MING-SHAUNG JU

Keyword(s):

Ankle Joint ◽

Muscle Fiber ◽

Muscle Spindle ◽

Joint Angle ◽

Fuzzy Inference ◽

Optimization Method ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Inference System ◽

Intrafusal Muscle ◽

Intrafusal Muscle Fiber

This study develops a method for estimating the angle of a passively stretched ankle joint from electroneurograms (ENGs) based on structural muscle spindle models of the tibial and peroneal nerves. Passive ramp-and-hold and alternating stretches of the ankle joint are performed on an anesthetized rabbit. Two cuff electrodes are employed to measure the ENGs of peroneal and tibial nerves simultaneously. From the two ENG signals and the joint angle trajectory, two intrafusal muscle fiber models are constructed and their inverse models are derived. The results of the two models are combined to generate the final angle estimate. An optimization method, called sequential quadratic programming, is employed to find the model parameters that minimize the squared errors between the ankle angles predicted by the model and the measured ankle angles. The performance of the proposed approach is compared with those of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and an artificial neural network model. The results reveal that the proposed model has the best performance in estimating the ankle joint angle in large-range movements and the smallest tracing error. The proposed method effectively estimates the passive ankle joint angle using the inverse physiological model of an intrafusal muscle fiber.

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Estimation of ankle joint angle from peroneal and tibial electroneurograms based on muscle spindle model

2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology ◽

10.1109/iembs.2010.5627926 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Chou-Ching K Lin ◽

Ming-Shaung Ju ◽

Ching-Chao Chan

Keyword(s):

Ankle Joint ◽

Muscle Spindle ◽

Joint Angle

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The termination of the afferent nerve fibre in the muscle spindle of the frog

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.1961.0001 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 243 (703) ◽

pp. 221-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 154

Keyword(s):

Connective Tissue ◽

Muscle Spindle ◽

Sensory Nerve ◽

Nerve Endings ◽

Muscle Fibres ◽

Intrafusal Muscle ◽

Sensory Nerve Endings ◽

Intrafusal Fibres ◽

Reticular Zone ◽

Sensory Endings

1. The sensory nerve contacts in the muscle spindle of the frog were examined in the electron microscope. 2. The terminal branches of the sensory axon form long beaded chains, i.e. bulbous expansions up to 2 to 3 ix thick connected in series by thin cylinders of as little as 0.15 ju. diameter. Many nerve bulbs are seated in cup-like depressions of the intrafusal muscle fibres forming close contact with them. There is a residual gap between nerve and muscle surfaces of about 150 Å, but the gap is bridged here and there by fine filaments or processes of one cell closely approaching or touching the other. 3. The region of sensory contacts along the intrafusal fibres extends over several hundred microns and is divided into two morphologically distinct types of zones: ( a ) two ‘compact’ zones at either end, each about 300 /u. long, in which the fibre retains approximately the same size and number of myofilaments as in the remote, extracapsular, region; ( b ) a ‘reticular’ zone in the centre, about 100 /rlong, in which the fibre loses some 85 % of its content of filaments and splays out into several fins and branches held together by slender membrane connexions. The interstices between the splayed-out parts are filled with a dense network of fine connective tissue fibrils (about 50 Å thick). A minority of the intrafusal fibres does not show this differentiation in the sensory region and retains most of its myofilaments throughout. 4. Several characteristic differences are described between motor and sensory nerve endings on intrafusal muscle fibres. Among them are ( a ) that the motor terminal forms an ‘epectolemmal’, the sensory ending a ‘ hypectolemmaP contact (referring to the external basement membrane of the cells as the ‘ectolemma’) ; ( b ) the motor ending remains invested by a covering Schwann cell layer, while the sensory endings are not closely associated with satellite cells; ( c ) the cytoplasm of motor endings is characterized by an accumulation of 500 Å vesicles near the synaptic surface, that of sensory endings by an accumulation of small mitochondria. 5. A structure of unusual periodicity (a longitudinal ‘micro-ladder with rungs about 1600 Å apart) was observed in the interior of intrafusal muscle fibres, located generally in the neighbourhood of sensory nerve contacts. 6. The functional significance of some of the observed morphological features is discussed. It is suggested that mechanical stimulation and depolarization of the sensory nerve endings occurs at the points of adhesion between the intrafusal muscle fibre and the terminal nerve bulbs. The differentiation between ‘dynamic’ and ‘static’ components of the sensory stretch response may arise from different visco-elastic properties of the ‘compact’ and ‘reticular’ zones. Motor activation of the intrafusal muscle fibres would lead to intense stimulation of the sensory endings mainly within the ‘reticular’ zone. This zone is protected against overstretching by a feltwork of connective tissue fibrils.

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Morphometric analysis of the fascicular organisation of the optic nerve

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp1502132r ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 132-135

Author(s):

Miroslav Radunovic ◽

Zdravko Vitosevic ◽

Mila Cetkovic ◽

Aleksandra Vuksanovic-Bozaric ◽

Nemanja Radojevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optic Nerve ◽

Connective Tissue ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Morphometric Analysis ◽

Testing System ◽

Entire Surface ◽

Optic Nerves ◽

Different Parts

Background/Aim. The optic nerve is anatomically observed in four segments: intrabulbar, orbital, canalicular, and cranial. According to the literature, the surface of the transversal cut of the nerve is different through it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fascicular organisation of the optic nerve, throughout its three segments from the eye. Methods. Five pairs of optic nerves, obtained from the autopsies were examined. Using Heidenhain's (azan) staining, the cuts were prepared for microscopy. Morphometric analysis was performed using the stereological methods for morphometric cytology - the Weible?s testing system M42. The following measures were established: the surface of the transverse cut of the nerve, the entire surface of fasciculi, the entire surface of connective tissue and blood vessels, the number of fasciculi, the surface of a single fasciculus. Results. The surface of the transverse cut of the nerve was found to grow from the orbital to the cranial segment, as well as the entire surface of fasciculi. While their number is significantly lower in the cranial segment, the number of fasciculi varied slightly between the orbital and the canalicular segment. The surface of a single fasciculus grows from the bulb to the chiasma. There is probable a cause to believe that this may be due to fusion of the ?small? fasciculi in the orbitocranial direction. Conclusion. There are significant differences among the examined parameters of the different parts of the optic nerve.

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