scholarly journals The role of SNMPs in insect olfaction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Cassau ◽  
Jürgen Krieger
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Insect Olfaction ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Odorant Binding ◽  
Encoding Genes

AbstractThe sense of smell enables insects to recognize olfactory signals crucial for survival and reproduction. In insects, odorant detection highly depends on the interplay of distinct proteins expressed by specialized olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and associated support cells which are housed together in chemosensory units, named sensilla, mainly located on the antenna. Besides odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and olfactory receptors, so-called sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) are indicated to play a critical role in the detection of certain odorants. SNMPs are insect-specific membrane proteins initially identified in pheromone-sensitive OSNs of Lepidoptera and are indispensable for a proper detection of pheromones. In the last decades, genome and transcriptome analyses have revealed a wide distribution of SNMP-encoding genes in holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects, with a given species expressing multiple subtypes in distinct cells of the olfactory system. Besides SNMPs having a neuronal expression in subpopulations of OSNs, certain SNMP types were found expressed in OSN-associated support cells suggesting different decisive roles of SNMPs in the peripheral olfactory system. In this review, we will report the state of knowledge of neuronal and non-neuronal members of the SNMP family and discuss their possible functions in insect olfaction.

scholarly journals Critical Role of GFR 1 in the Development and Function of the Main Olfactory System

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (48) ◽  
pp. 17306-17320 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Marks ◽  
L. Belluscio ◽  
C. F. Ibanez
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
And Function ◽  
Main Olfactory System

scholarly journals Identification of the Differences in Olfactory System Between Male and Female Oriental Tobacco Budworm Helicoverpa assulta 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haichao Li ◽  
Weizheng Li ◽  
Changjian Miao ◽  
Gaoping Wang ◽  
Man Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory System ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Tobacco Budworm ◽  
Helicoverpa Assulta ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mate Search ◽  
Pheromone Identification ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Odorant Binding ◽  
Whole Transcriptome

Abstract Background: The olfactory system of insects facilitates their search for host and mates, hence it plays an essential role for insect survival and reproduction. Insects recognize odor substances through olfactory neurons and olfactory genes. Previous studies showed that there are significant sex-specific differences in how insects identify odorant substances, especially sex pheromones. However, whether the sex-specific recognition of odorant substances is caused by differences in the expression of olfaction-related genes between males and females remains unclear. Results: In order to clarify this problem, the whole transcriptome sequence of the adult Helicoverpa assulta, an important agricultural pest of tobacco and other Solanaceae plants, was obtained using PacBio sequencing. RNA-seq analysis showed that there were 27 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 24 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 4 pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs), 68 odorant receptors (OR) and 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) genes that were expressed in the antennae of male and female H. assulta. Females had significantly higher expression of GOBP1-like, OBP, OBP3, PBP3 and SNMP1 than males, while males had significantly higher expression of GOBP1, OBP7, OBP13, PBP2 and SNMP2. Conclusions: Our findings improve our understanding of olfactory genes in H. assulta, and can be used to further study pheromone identification, mate search, and sex differences in an insect’s ability to search for hosts. These results improve our understanding of mate search and host differentiation in H. assulta.

scholarly journals The Cerebellar Dopaminergic System

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Flace ◽  
Paolo Livrea ◽  
Gianpaolo Antonio Basile ◽  
Diana Galletta ◽  
Antonella Bizzoca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Neuronal System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chemical Neuroanatomy ◽  
Pharmacologic Treatments

In the central nervous system (CNS), dopamine (DA) is involved in motor and cognitive functions. Although the cerebellum is not been considered an elective dopaminergic region, studies attributed to it a critical role in dopamine deficit-related neurological and psychiatric disorders [e.g., Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia (SCZ)]. Data on the cerebellar dopaminergic neuronal system are still lacking. Nevertheless, biochemical studies detected in the mammalians cerebellum high dopamine levels, while chemical neuroanatomy studies revealed the presence of midbrain dopaminergic afferents to the cerebellum as well as wide distribution of the dopaminergic receptor subtypes (DRD1-DRD5). The present review summarizes the data on the cerebellar dopaminergic system including its involvement in associative and projective circuits. Furthermore, this study also briefly discusses the role of the cerebellar dopaminergic system in some neurologic and psychiatric disorders and suggests its potential involvement as a target in pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments.

scholarly journals Crystal structure of a novel type of odorant-binding protein from Anopheles gambiae, belonging to the C-plus class

2011 ◽  
Vol 437 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amandine Lagarde ◽  
Silvia Spinelli ◽  
Huili Qiao ◽  
Mariella Tegoni ◽  
Paolo Pelosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Disulfide Bridges ◽  
Large Scale Analysis ◽  
Insect Bites ◽  
Odorant Binding

Agam (Anopheles gambiae) relies on its olfactory system to target human prey, leading eventually to the injection of Plasmodium falciparum, the malaria vector. OBPs (odorant-binding proteins) are the first line of proteins involved in odorant recognition. They interact with olfactory receptors and thus constitute an interesting target for insect control. In the present study, we undertook a large-scale analysis of proteins belonging to the olfactory system of Agam with the aim of preventing insect bites by designing strong olfactory repellents. We determined the three-dimensional structures of several Agam OBPs, either alone or in complex with model compounds. In the present paper, we report the first three-dimensional structure of a member of the C-plus class of OBPs, AgamOBP47, which has a longer sequence than classical OBPs and contains six disulfide bridges. AgamOBP47 possesses a core of six α-helices and three disulfide bridges, similar to the classical OBP fold. Two extra loops and the N- and C-terminal extra segments contain two additional α-helices and are held in conformation by three disulfide bridges. They are located either side of the classical OBP core domain. The binding site of OBP47 is located between the core and the additional domains. Two crevices are observed on opposite sides of OBP47, which are joined together by a shallow channel of sufficient size to accommodate a model of the best-tested ligand. The binding sites of C-plus class OBPs therefore exhibit different characteristics, as compared with classical OBPs, which should lead to markedly diverse functional implications.

Ca2+concentration–dependent premature death ofigfbp5a−/−fish reveals a critical role of IGF signaling in adaptive epithelial growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (548) ◽  
pp. eaat2231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengdong Liu ◽  
Yi Xin ◽  
Yan Bai ◽  
Grant Lewin ◽  
Gen He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Colon Carcinoma Cells ◽  
Endocrine Signaling ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Igf Signaling

The phenotype gap is a challenge for genetically dissecting redundant endocrine signaling pathways, such as the six isoforms in the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) family. Although overexpressed IGFBPs can inhibit or potentiate IGF actions or have IGF-independent actions, mutant mice lacking IGFBP-encoding genes do not exhibit major phenotypes. We found that although zebrafish deficient inigfbp5adid not show overt phenotypes when raised in Ca2+-rich solutions, they died prematurely in low Ca2+conditions. A group of epithelial cells expressingigfbp5atake up Ca2+and proliferate under low Ca2+conditions because of activation of IGF signaling. Deletion ofigfbp5ablunted low Ca2+stress–induced IGF signaling and impaired adaptive proliferation. Reintroducing zebrafish Igfbp5a, but not its ligand binding–deficient mutant, restored adaptive proliferation. Similarly, adaptive proliferation was restored in zebrafish lackingigfbp5aby expression of human IGFBP5, but not two cancer-associated IGFBP5 mutants. Knockdown of IGFBP5 in human colon carcinoma cells resulted in reduced IGF-stimulated cell proliferation. These results reveal a conserved mechanism by which a locally expressed Igfbp regulates organismal Ca2+homeostasis and survival by activating IGF signaling in epithelial cells and promoting their proliferation in Ca2+-deficient states. These findings underscore the importance of physiological context when analyzing loss-of-function phenotypes of endocrine factors.

scholarly journals Construction and Use of a Recyclable Marker To Examine the Role of Major Facilitator Superfamily Protein Members inCandida glabrataDrug Resistance Phenotypes

mSphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao G. Vu ◽  
W. Scott Moye-Rowley
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Major Facilitator Superfamily ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transporter Proteins ◽  
Transporter Protein ◽  
Major Facilitator ◽  
Encoding Genes

ABSTRACTCandida glabratais the second most common species causing candidiasis.C. glabratacan also readily acquire resistance to azole drugs, complicating its treatment. Here we add to the collection of disruption markers to aid in genetic analysis of this yeast. This new construct is marked with a nourseothricin resistance cassette that produces an estrogen-activated form of Cre recombinase in a methionine-regulated manner. This allows eviction and reuse of this cassette in a facile manner. Using this new disruption marker, we have constructed a series of strains lacking different members of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of membrane transporter proteins. The presence of 15 MFS proteins that may contribute to drug resistance inC. glabrataplaced a premium on development of a marker that could easily be reused to construct multiple gene-disrupted strains. Employing this recyclable marker, we found that loss of the MFS transporter-encoding geneFLR1caused a dramatic increase in diamide resistance (as seen before), and deletion of two other MFS-encoding genes did not influence this phenotype. Interestingly, loss ofFLR1led to an increase in levels of oxidized glutathione, suggesting a possible molecular explanation for this enhanced oxidant sensitivity. We also found that while overproduction of the transcription factor Yap1 could suppress the fluconazole sensitivity caused by loss of the important ATP-binding cassette transporter protein Cdr1, this required the presence ofFLR1.IMPORTANCEExport of drugs is a problem for chemotherapy of infectious organisms. A class of membrane proteins called the major facilitator superfamily contains a large number of proteins that often elevate drug resistance when overproduced but do not impact this phenotype when the gene is removed. We wondered if this absence of a phenotype for a disruption allele might be due to the redundancy of this group of membrane proteins. We describe the production of an easy-to-use recyclable marker cassette that will allow construction of strains lacking multiple members of the MFS family of transporter proteins.

Interactions Between Odorants and Glutathione Transferases in the Human Olfactory Cleft

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 645-654
Author(s):  
Mathieu Schwartz ◽  
Franck Menetrier ◽  
Jean-Marie Heydel ◽  
Evelyne Chavanne ◽  
Philippe Faure ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Glutathione Transferases ◽  
Odor Perception ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Odorant Binding Proteins ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Odorant Binding ◽  
Gst Family ◽  
Human Olfaction

Abstract Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and other proteins, including odorant-binding proteins located in the nasal epithelium and mucus, participate in a series of processes modulating the concentration of odorants in the environment of olfactory receptors (ORs) and finely impact odor perception. These enzymes and transporters are thought to participate in odorant degradation or transport. Odorant biotransformation results in 1) changes in the odorant quantity up to their clearance and the termination of signaling and 2) the formation of new odorant stimuli (metabolites). Enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 and glutathione transferases (GSTs), have been proposed to participate in odorant clearance in insects and mammals as odorant metabolizing enzymes. This study aims to explore the function of GSTs in human olfaction. Using immunohistochemical methods, GSTs were found to be localized in human tissues surrounding the olfactory epithelium. Then, the activity of 2 members of the GST family toward odorants was measured using heterologously expressed enzymes. The interactions/reactions with odorants were further characterized using a combination of enzymatic techniques. Furthermore, the structure of the complex between human GSTA1 and the glutathione conjugate of an odorant was determined by X-ray crystallography. Our results strongly suggest the role of human GSTs in the modulation of odorant availability to ORs in the peripheral olfactory process.

scholarly journals Ir76b is a Co-receptor for Amine Responses in Drosophila Olfactory Neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Vulpe ◽  
Karen Menuz
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Receptor ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Olfactory Receptor Neurons ◽  
Odorant Receptors ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Receptor Neurons ◽  
Large Families ◽  
Odorant Binding

Two large families of olfactory receptors, the Odorant Receptors (ORs) and Ionotropic Receptors (IRs), mediate responses to most odors in the insect olfactory system. Individual odorant binding “tuning” OrX receptors are expressed by olfactory neurons in basiconic and trichoid sensilla and require the co-receptor Orco. The situation for IRs is more complex. Different tuning IrX receptors are expressed by olfactory neurons in coeloconic sensilla and rely on either the Ir25a or Ir8a co-receptors; some evidence suggests that Ir76b may also act as a co-receptor, but its function has not been systematically examined. Surprisingly, recent data indicate that nearly all coeloconic olfactory neurons co-express Ir25a, Ir8a, and Ir76b. Here, we demonstrate that Ir76b and Ir25a function together in all amine-sensing olfactory receptor neurons. In most neurons, loss of either co-receptor abolishes amine responses. In contrast, amine responses persist in the absence of Ir76b or Ir25a in ac1 sensilla but are lost in a double mutant. We show that responses mediated by acid-sensing neurons do not require Ir76b, despite their expression of this co-receptor. Our study also demonstrates that one population of coeloconic olfactory neurons exhibits Ir76b/Ir25a-dependent and Orco-dependent responses to distinct odorants. Together, our data establish the role of Ir76b as a bona fide co-receptor, which acts in partnership with Ir25a. Given that these co-receptors are among the most highly conserved olfactory receptors and are often co-expressed in chemosensory neurons, our data suggest Ir76b and Ir25a also work in tandem in other insects.

The Role of the SLP in Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening and Assessment

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Philofsky
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Notable Increase ◽  
Screening Assessment ◽  
Critical Components

AbstractRecent prevalence estimates for autism have been alarming as a function of the notable increase. Speech-language pathologists play a critical role in screening, assessment and intervention for children with autism. This article reviews signs that may be indicative of autism at different stages of language development, and discusses the importance of several psychometric properties—sensitivity and specificity—in utilizing screening measures for children with autism. Critical components of assessment for children with autism are reviewed. This article concludes with examples of intervention targets for children with ASD at various levels of language development.

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