scholarly journals The Cerebellar Dopaminergic System

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Flace ◽  
Paolo Livrea ◽  
Gianpaolo Antonio Basile ◽  
Diana Galletta ◽  
Antonella Bizzoca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Neuronal System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chemical Neuroanatomy ◽  
Pharmacologic Treatments

In the central nervous system (CNS), dopamine (DA) is involved in motor and cognitive functions. Although the cerebellum is not been considered an elective dopaminergic region, studies attributed to it a critical role in dopamine deficit-related neurological and psychiatric disorders [e.g., Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia (SCZ)]. Data on the cerebellar dopaminergic neuronal system are still lacking. Nevertheless, biochemical studies detected in the mammalians cerebellum high dopamine levels, while chemical neuroanatomy studies revealed the presence of midbrain dopaminergic afferents to the cerebellum as well as wide distribution of the dopaminergic receptor subtypes (DRD1-DRD5). The present review summarizes the data on the cerebellar dopaminergic system including its involvement in associative and projective circuits. Furthermore, this study also briefly discusses the role of the cerebellar dopaminergic system in some neurologic and psychiatric disorders and suggests its potential involvement as a target in pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments.

An Immunohistochemical Analysis on The Human Cerebellar Dopaminergic System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Flace ◽  
Paolo Livrea ◽  
Diana Galletta ◽  
Antonella Bizzoca ◽  
Gianpaolo Basile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Neuronal System ◽  
Human Cerebellum

Abstract Background The cerebellum now it has not considered a dopaminergic region. Despite, is traditionally reported only the presence of dopaminergic afferents to the cerebellum. Currently, studies attribute to the cerebellum a critical role in motor and cognitive functions and suggest a cerebellar involvement in dopamine related neurologic and psychiatric disorders. In several studies has been demonstrated mainly in the cerebellum of rodents a widely distribution of all dopaminergic receptor subtypes (DRD1-DRD5), a poor number of dopaminergic Purkinje neurons, and the presence of several dopaminergic neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei. Data on an intrinsic dopaminergic neuronal system in the human cerebellum are lacking. Methods The aim of the present study of chemical neuroanatomy was to investigate in human cerebellum on the presence of a dopaminergic neuronal system, through an immunohistochemical approach based on the use of specific antibodies against the dopamine membrane transporter (DAT) and the dopamine receptor subtype 2 (DRD2). Results The immunoreactions revealed the presence of DAT and DRD2 positive neuronal cell bodies and processes of all the layers of the cerebellar cortex and in the dentate nucleus. These results are in agreement with previous studies, and suggest which the intrinsic cerebellar neuronal dopaminergic system may be involved in intrinsic and extrinsic (projective) cerebellar circuits. Conclusions This study open a new scenario on the interpretation of the cerebellar role in dopaminergic related brain disorders. Finally, this study may be an innovative critical element for the development of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapeutic strategies for neurologic and psychiatric disorders related to dopamine.

Endocannabinoid system in the neurodevelopment of GABAergic interneurons: implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-geng Song ◽  
Xin Kang ◽  
Fang Yang ◽  
Wan-qing Du ◽  
Jia-jia Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Gabaergic Interneurons ◽  
Neural Stem Progenitor Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Interneuron Development

Abstract In mature mammalian brains, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and the functioning of neural networks. Besides, the ECS also contributes to the neurodevelopment of the central nervous system. Due to the increase in the medical and recreational use of cannabis, it is inevitable and essential to elaborate the roles of the ECS on neurodevelopment. GABAergic interneurons represent a group of inhibitory neurons that are vital in controlling neural network activity. However, the role of the ECS in the neurodevelopment of GABAergic interneurons remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we provide a brief introduction of the ECS and interneuron diversity. We focus on the process of interneuron development and the role of ECS in the modulation of interneuron development, from the expansion of the neural stem/progenitor cells to the migration, specification and maturation of interneurons. We further discuss the potential implications of the ECS and interneurons in the pathogenesis of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder.

scholarly journals Social Isolation: How Can the Effects on the Cholinergic System Be Isolated?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaromir Myslivecek
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Cholinergic System ◽  
System Response ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Cholinergic Signaling ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Social species form organizations that support individuals because the consequent social behaviors help these organisms survive. The isolation of these individuals may be a stressor. We reviewed the potential mechanisms of the effects of social isolation on cholinergic signaling and vice versa how changes in cholinergic signaling affect changes due to social isolation.There are two important problems regarding this topic. First, isolation schemes differ in their duration (1–165 days) and initiation (immediately after birth to adulthood). Second, there is an important problem that is generally not considered when studying the role of the cholinergic system in neurobehavioral correlates: muscarinic and nicotinic receptor subtypes do not differ sufficiently in their affinity for orthosteric site agonists and antagonists. Some potential cholinesterase inhibitors also affect other targets, such as receptors or other neurotransmitter systems. Therefore, the role of the cholinergic system in social isolation should be carefully considered, and multiple receptor systems may be involved in the central nervous system response, although some subtypes are involved in specific functions. To determine the role of a specific receptor subtype, the presence of a specific subtype in the central nervous system should be determined using search in knockout studies with the careful application of specific agonists/antagonists.

scholarly journals The role of SNMPs in insect olfaction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Cassau ◽  
Jürgen Krieger
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Insect Olfaction ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Odorant Binding ◽  
Encoding Genes

AbstractThe sense of smell enables insects to recognize olfactory signals crucial for survival and reproduction. In insects, odorant detection highly depends on the interplay of distinct proteins expressed by specialized olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and associated support cells which are housed together in chemosensory units, named sensilla, mainly located on the antenna. Besides odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and olfactory receptors, so-called sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) are indicated to play a critical role in the detection of certain odorants. SNMPs are insect-specific membrane proteins initially identified in pheromone-sensitive OSNs of Lepidoptera and are indispensable for a proper detection of pheromones. In the last decades, genome and transcriptome analyses have revealed a wide distribution of SNMP-encoding genes in holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects, with a given species expressing multiple subtypes in distinct cells of the olfactory system. Besides SNMPs having a neuronal expression in subpopulations of OSNs, certain SNMP types were found expressed in OSN-associated support cells suggesting different decisive roles of SNMPs in the peripheral olfactory system. In this review, we will report the state of knowledge of neuronal and non-neuronal members of the SNMP family and discuss their possible functions in insect olfaction.

scholarly journals Critical role of 5-HT1A, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptor subtypes in the initiation, generation, and propagation of the murine colonic migrating motor complex

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (1) ◽  
pp. G144-G157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamonn J. Dickson ◽  
Dante J. Heredia ◽  
Terence K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Migrating Motor Complex ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Motor Complex ◽  
Intracellular Microelectrodes ◽  
Dogiel Type Ii ◽  
Colonic Migrating Motor Complex

The colonic migrating motor complex (CMMC) is necessary for fecal pellet propulsion in the murine colon. We have previously shown that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) released from enterochromaffin cells activates 5-HT3 receptors on the mucosal processes of myenteric Dogiel type II neurons to initiate the events underlying the CMMC. Our aims were to further investigate the roles of 5-HT1A, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptor subtypes in generating and propagating the CMMC using intracellular microelectrodes or tension recordings from the circular muscle (CM) in preparations with and without the mucosa. Spontaneous CMMCs were recorded from the CM in isolated murine colons but not in preparations without the mucosa. In mucosaless preparations, ondansetron (3 μM; 5-HT3 antagonist) plus hexamethonium (100 μM) completely blocked spontaneous inhibitory junction potentials, depolarized the CM. Ondansetron blocked the preceding hyperpolarization associated with a CMMC. Spontaneous CMMCs and CMMCs evoked by spritzing 5-HT (10 and 100 μM) or nerve stimulation in preparations without the mucosa were blocked by SB 258719 or SB 269970 (1–5 μM; 5-HT7 antagonists). Both NAN-190 and (S)-WAY100135 (1–5 μM; 5-HT1A antagonists) blocked spontaneous CMMCs and neurally evoked CMMCs in preparations without the mucosa. Both NAN-190 and (S)-WAY100135 caused an atropine-sensitive depolarization of the CM. The precursor of 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) (10 μM), and 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) (5 μM; 5-HT1/5/7 agonist) increased the frequency of spontaneous CMMCs. 5-HTP and 5-CT also induced CMMCs in preparations with and without the mucosa, which were blocked by SB 258719. 5-HT1A, 5-HT3, and 5-HT7 receptors, most likely on Dogiel Type II/AH neurons, are important in initiating, generating, and propagating the CMMC. Tonic inhibition of the CM appears to be driven by ongoing activity in descending serotonergic interneurons; by activating 5-HT7 receptors on AH neurons these interneurons also contribute to the generation of the CMMC.

scholarly journals Role of circular RNAs in cardiovascular diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 244 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Gong ◽  
Gengze Wu ◽  
Chunyu Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Expression Abundance ◽  
Therapeutic Perspective

Over the last several decades, cardiovascular diseases largely increase the morbidity and mortality especially in developed countries, affecting millions of people worldwide. Although extensive work over the last two decades attempted to decipher the molecular network of regulating the pathogenesis and progression of these diseases, evidences from clinical trials with newly revealed targets failed to show more evidently salutary effects, indicating the inefficiency of understanding the complete regulatory landscape. Recent studies have shifted their focus from coding genes to the non-coding ones, which consist of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the lately re-discovered a unique group of RNAs—circular RNAs (circRNAs). As the focus now has been shifted to the newly identified group of non-coding RNAs, circRNAs exhibit stability, highly conservation and relative enriched expression abundance in some cases, which are distinct from their cognate linear counterparts—lncRNAs. So far, emerging evidence begins to support the critical role of circRNAs in organogenesis and pathogenesis as exemplified in the central nervous system, and could be just as implicative in the cardiovascular system, suggesting a therapeutic perspective in related diseases. Impact statement Circular RNAs are important regulators of multiple biological processes such as organogenesis and oncogenesis. Although the bulk of concerning studies focused on revealing their diversified roles in various types of cancers, reports began to accumulate in cardiovascular field these days. We summarize circular RNAs implicated in cardiovascular diseases, aiming to highlight the advances in the knowledge of such diseases and their potential of being promising target for diagnosis and therapy.

scholarly journals Snapin deficiency is associated with developmental defects of the central nervous system

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Zhou ◽  
Yi-Bing Zhu ◽  
Lin Lin ◽  
Qian Cai ◽  
Zu-Hang Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Lysosomal Function ◽  
Quality Control Process ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The autophagy–lysosomal pathway is an intracellular degradation process essential for maintaining neuronal homoeostasis. Defects in this pathway have been directly linked to a growing number of neurodegenerative disorders. We recently revealed that Snapin plays a critical role in co-ordinating dynein-driven retrograde transport and late endosomal–lysosomal trafficking, thus maintaining efficient autophagy–lysosomal function. Deleting snapin in neurons impairs lysosomal proteolysis and reduces the clearance of autolysosomes. The role of the autophagy–lysosomal system in neuronal development is, however, largely uncharacterized. Here, we report that snapin deficiency leads to developmental defects in the central nervous system. Embryonic snapin−/− mouse brain showed reduced cortical plates and intermediate zone cell density, increased apoptotic death in the cortex and third ventricle, enhanced membrane-bound LC3-II staining associated with autophagic vacuoles and an accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins in the cortex and hippocampus. Thus our results provide in vivo evidence for the essential role of late endocytic transport and autophagy–lysosomal function in maintaining neuronal survival and development of the mammalian central nervous system. In addition, our study supports the existence of a functional interplay between the autophagy–lysosome and ubiquitin–proteasome systems in the protein quality-control process.

scholarly journals The Role of CARD9 Deficiency in Neutrophils

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Ruanmei Sheng ◽  
Xiaoming Zhong ◽  
Zhiwen Yang ◽  
Xuemin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Myeloid Cell ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Defense ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Advances ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Neutrophils play a critical role in innate immune defense and directly contribute to infectious and autoimmune ailments. Great efforts are underway to better understand the nature of neutrophilic inflammation. Of note, CARD9, a myeloid cell-specific signaling protein that mainly expresses in macrophages and dendritic cells, is also present in neutrophils, emerging as a critical mediator for intercellular communication. CARD9–deficiency neutrophils display an increased susceptibility to fungal infection that primarily localize to the central nervous system, subcutaneous, and skin tissue. Additionally, CARD9–deficiency neutrophils are associated with some autoimmune diseases and even provide protection against a few bacteria. Here, the review summarizes recent preclinical and clinical advances that have provided a novel insight into the pathogenesis of CARD9 deficiency in neutrophils.

scholarly journals Peripheral Receptors Affecting Breathing and Cardiovascular Function in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates

1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Jones ◽  
William K. Milsom
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Cell Complexes ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Normal Breathing ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Circulatory Reflexes ◽  
Stimulus Modalities

Most vertebrates show respiratory and circulatory reflexes which can be traced to stimulation of various extero- or interoceptors. Widely distributed groups of exteroceptors, with a variety of stimulus modalities, are associated with defence reflexes which protect the respiratory passages and gas exchange surfaces. Other exteroceptors are associated only with the gas exchange surfaces. These are either mechanoreceptors or chemoreceptors and have a range of different dynamic characteristics, but are none-the-less amazingly uniform in their role in control of the normal breathing pattern. Intravascular receptors stimulated by the arterial blood pressure are located on all the gills in fishes, yet appear to be restricted to the pulmocutaneous arteries in anuran amphibians and to the truncal region or aortic root in reptiles and birds. On the other hand, the distribution of glomus-sustentacular-nerve cell complexes, associated with intravascular chemoreception, appears to be much more diffuse in higher than lower vertebrates. The wide distribution of these cell complexes may be attributed to their embryological origin from neural crest cells. Even so, the presence of these complexes does not appear to be essential for respiratory responses to environmental hypoxia since they have not been located in teleost fishes. The role of peripheral receptors in controlling cardiovascular and respiratory functions, under steady state conditions in non-mammalian vertebrates, is not well defined and it may be that they are only modulators of circulatory and respiratory patterns arising from hormonal or humoral effects on the central nervous system.

Behavioral and Molecular Genetics of Emotion Dysregulation

2018 ◽  
pp. 201-220
Author(s):  
Lance M. Rappaport ◽  
Sage E. Hawn ◽  
Cassie Overstreet ◽  
Ananda B. Amstadter
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Underlying Structure

Given the critical role that emotion dysregulation plays in many psychiatric disorders, there is a need to understand the biological underpinnings of emotion regulation deficits. This chapter opens with a brief overview of emotion regulation and constructs that fall under its broad umbrella. Next, it provides a brief primer of behavioral genetic research methods, summarizes existing literature regarding the heritability of emotional dysregulation, provides an overview of molecular genetic research methods, and reviews extant molecular genetic literature on emotion regulation. Finally, the chapter reviews the limitations of existing research and identifies promising areas of future inquiry that may clarify the underlying structure of emotion dysregulation and identify the role of common genetic loci in associations between emotion dysregulation and psychopathology.

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