odor perception
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2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett S. East ◽  
Gloria Fleming ◽  
Samantha Vervoordt ◽  
Prachi Shah ◽  
Regina M. Sullivan ◽  
...  

AbstractOdor perception can both evoke emotional states and be shaped by emotional or hedonic states. The amygdala complex plays an important role in recognition of, and response to, hedonically valenced stimuli, and has strong, reciprocal connectivity with the primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Here, we used differential odor-threat conditioning in rats to test the role of basolateral amygdala (BLA) input to the piriform cortex in acquisition and expression of learned olfactory threat responses. Using local field potential recordings, we demonstrated that functional connectivity (high gamma band coherence) between the BLA and posterior piriform cortex (pPCX) is enhanced after differential threat conditioning. Optogenetic suppression of activity within the BLA prevents learned threat acquisition, as do lesions of the pPCX prior to threat conditioning (without inducing anosmia), suggesting that both regions are critical for acquisition of learned odor threat responses. However, optogenetic BLA suppression during testing did not impair threat response to the CS+ , but did induce generalization to the CS−. A similar loss of stimulus control and threat generalization was induced by selective optogenetic suppression of BLA input to pPCX. These results suggest an important role for amygdala-sensory cortical connectivity in shaping responses to threatening stimuli.


Author(s):  
Valery A. Kaptsov ◽  
Alexander V. Chirkin

Introduction. To adequately protect workers from gaseous air pollution using air purifying respiratory protective devices (RPD), it is necessary to periodically replace filters. The aim of the study was the analyze the methods of monitoring the performance of workers’ RPD. Materials and methods. Nowadays the subjective reaction of smell to an increase in the concentration of gas in the mask is widely used. This practice is compared with the available scientific information on the subjective ability of humans to detect gases. Results. The requirements for filter replacement in the legislation of foreign countries are analyzed. It has been established that for most hazardous substances there is no available information on the thresholds of odor (irritant) perception, and the available data show a high probability of exceeding the odor perception thresholds over the maximum permissible concentrations of hazardous substances in the working area. for getting used to it, distraction of attention, low individual sensitivity, etc. The existing approach in Russia leads to the belated replacement of part of the filters and, as a consequence, to the deterioration of the professional health of workers. Conclusion. Recommendations are formulated on the measures, the implementation of which is necessary to improve the protection of personnel used air purifying RPD.


Author(s):  
Erik Van der Burg ◽  
Alexander Toet ◽  
Anne-Marie Brouwer ◽  
Jan B. F. van Erp

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252931
Author(s):  
Praveen Kuruppath ◽  
Leonardo Belluscio

The duration of a stimulus plays an important role in the coding of sensory information. The role of stimulus duration is extensively studied in the tactile, visual, and auditory system. In the olfactory system, temporal properties of the stimulus are key for obtaining information when an odor is released in the environment. However, how the stimulus duration influences the odor perception is not well understood. To test this, we activated the olfactory bulbs with blue light in mice expressing channelrhodopsin in the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and assessed the relevance of stimulus duration on olfactory perception using foot shock associated active avoidance behavioral task on a “two-arms maze”. Our behavior data demonstrate that the stimulus duration plays an important role in olfactory perception and the associated behavioral responses.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3941
Author(s):  
Shengming Li ◽  
Lin Feng ◽  
Yunfei Ge ◽  
Li Zhu ◽  
Liang Zhao

The electronic nose is the olfactory organ of the robot, which is composed of a large number of sensors to perceive the smell of objects through free diffusion. Traditionally, it is difficult to realize the active perception function, and it is difficult to meet the requirements of small size, low cost, and quick response that robots require. In order to address these issues, a novel electronic nose with active perception was designed and an ensemble learning method was proposed to distinguish the smell of different objects. An array of three MQ303 semiconductor gas sensors and an electrochemical sensor DART-2-Fe5 were used to construct the novel electronic nose, and the proposed ensemble learning method with four algorithms realized the active odor perception function. The experiment results verified that the accuracy of the active odor perception can reach more than 90%, even though it used 30% training data. The novel electronic nose with active perception based on the ensemble learning method can improve the efficiency and accuracy of odor data collection and olfactory perception.


2021 ◽  
Vol MA2021-01 (54) ◽  
pp. 1309-1309
Author(s):  
Tanoy Debnath ◽  
Takamichi Nakamoto

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingjie Li ◽  
Marissa L. Kamarck ◽  
Qianqian Peng ◽  
Fei-Ling Lim ◽  
Andreas Keller ◽  
...  

The olfactory system combines input from multiple receptor types to represent odor information, but there are few explicit examples relating olfactory receptor (OR) activity patterns to odor perception. To uncover these relationships, we performed genome-wide scans on odor-perception phenotypes for ten odors in 1003 Han Chinese and validated results for six of these odors in an ethnically diverse population (n=364). In both populations, we replicated three previously reported associations (β-ionone/OR5A, androstenone/OR7D4, cis-3-hexen-1-ol/OR2J3 LD-band), suggesting that olfactory phenotype/genotype studies are robust across populations. Two novel associations between an OR and odor perception contribute to our understanding of olfactory coding. First, we found a SNP in OR51B2 that associated with trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid, a key component of human underarm odor. Second, we found two linked SNPs associated with the musk Galaxolide in a novel musk receptor, OR4D6, which is also the first OR shown to drive specific anosmia to a musk compound. We also found that the derived alleles of the SNPs reportedly associated with odor perception tend to reduce odor intensity, supporting the hypothesis that the primate olfactory gene repertoire has degenerated over time. This study provides information about coding for human body odor, and gives us insight into broader mechanisms of olfactory coding, such as how differential OR activation can converge on a similar percept.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3320
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Dehan Luo ◽  
Yu Cheng ◽  
Kin-Yeung Wong ◽  
Kevin Hung

Semantic odor perception descriptors, such as “sweet”, are widely used for product quality assessment in food, beverage, and fragrance industries to profile the odor perceptions. The current literature focuses on developing as many as possible odor perception descriptors. A large number of odor descriptors poses challenges for odor sensory assessment. In this paper, we propose the task of narrowing down the number of odor perception descriptors. To this end, we contrive a novel selection mechanism based on machine learning to identify the primary odor perceptual descriptors (POPDs). The perceptual ratings of non-primary odor perception descriptors (NPOPDs) could be predicted precisely from those of the POPDs. Therefore, the NPOPDs are redundant and could be disregarded from the odor vocabulary. The experimental results indicate that dozens of odor perceptual descriptors are redundant. It is also observed that the sparsity of the data has a negative correlation coefficient with the model performance, while the Pearson correlation between odor perceptions plays an active role. Reducing the odor vocabulary size could simplify the odor sensory assessment and is auxiliary to understand human odor perceptual space.


Author(s):  
Daniel W. Wesson ◽  
Sang Eun Ryu ◽  
Hillary L. Cansler

The perception of odors exerts powerful influences on moods, decisions, and actions. Indeed, odor perception is a major driving force underlying some of the most important human behaviors. How is it that the simple inhalation of airborne molecules can exert such strong effects on complex aspects of human functions? Certainly, just like in the case of vision and audition, the perception of odors is dictated by the ability to transduce environmental information into an electrical “code” for the brain to use. However, the use of that information, including whether or not the information is used at all, is governed strongly by many emotional and cognitive factors, including learning and experiences, as well as states of arousal and attention. Understanding the manners whereby these factors regulate both the perception of odors and how an individual responds to those percepts are paramount for appreciating the orchestration of behavior.


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