Living on the edge: adaptive and plastic responses of the tree Nothofagus pumilio to a long-term transplant experiment predict rear-edge upward expansion

Oecologia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 607-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Mathiasen ◽  
Andrea C. Premoli
Keyword(s):  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Rear Edge ◽  
Plastic Responses

scholarly journals Advancement in long-distance bird migration through individual plasticity in departure

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse R. Conklin ◽  
Simeon Lisovski ◽  
Phil F. Battley
Keyword(s):  
Bird Migration ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Breeding Site ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Breeding Resources ◽  
Plastic Responses

AbstractGlobally, bird migration is occurring earlier in the year, consistent with climate-related changes in breeding resources. Although often attributed to phenotypic plasticity, there is no clear demonstration of long-term population advancement in avian migration through individual plasticity. Using direct observations of bar-tailed godwits (Limosa lapponica) departing New Zealand on a 16,000-km journey to Alaska, we show that migration advanced by six days during 2008–2020, and that within-individual advancement was sufficient to explain this population-level change. However, in individuals tracked for the entire migration (50 total tracks of 36 individuals), earlier departure did not lead to earlier arrival or breeding in Alaska, due to prolonged stopovers in Asia. Moreover, changes in breeding-site phenology varied across Alaska, but were not reflected in within-population differences in advancement of migratory departure. We demonstrate that plastic responses can drive population-level changes in timing of long-distance migration, but also that behavioral and environmental constraints en route may yet limit adaptive responses to global change.

scholarly journals Ecological and evolutionary consequences of viral plasticity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Choua ◽  
Juan A. Bonachela
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Lytic Phage ◽  
Offspring Number ◽  
Host Growth ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences ◽  
Plastic Responses

AbstractViruses can infect any organism. Because viruses use the host machinery to replicate, their performance depends on the host physiological state. For bacteriophages, this host-viral performance link has been characterized empirically and with intracellular theories. Such theories are too detailed to be included in models that study host-phage interactions in the long term, which hinders our understanding of systems that range from pathogens infecting gut bacteria to marine phage shaping present and future oceans. Here, we combined data and models to study the short- and long-term consequences that host physiology has on bacteriophage performance. We compiled data showing the dependence of lytic-phage traits on host growth rate (viral phenotypic “plasticity”) to deduce simple expressions representing such plasticity. We included these expressions in a standard host-phage model, to understand how viral plasticity can break the expected evolutionary trade-off between infection time and viral offspring number. Furthermore, viral plasticity influences dramatically dynamic scenarios (e.g. sudden nutrient pulses or host starvation). We show that the effect of plasticity on offspring number, not generation time, drives the phage ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Standard models do not account for this plasticity, which handicaps their predictability in realistic environments. Our results highlight the importance of viral plasticity to unravel host-phage interactions, and the need of laboratory and field experiments to characterize viral plastic responses across systems.

scholarly journals Evidence of Ostrea lurida (Carpenter 1864) population structure in Puget Sound, WA

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Emerson Heare ◽  
Brady Blake ◽  
Jonathan P. Davis ◽  
Brent Vadopalas ◽  
Steven B. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Ostrea Lurida ◽  
Reciprocal Transplant Experiment ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

For long term persistence of species, it is important to consider population structure. 28 Traits that hold adaptive advantage such as reproductive timing and stress resilience may differ 29 among locales. Knowledge and consideration of these traits should be integrated into 30 conservation efforts. A reciprocal transplant experiment was carried out monitoring survival, 31 growth, and reproduction using three established populations of Ostrea lurida within Puget 32 Sound, Washington. Performance differed for each population. Ostrea lurida from Dabob Bay 33 had higher survival at all sites but lower reproductive activity and growth. Oysters from Oyster 34 Bay demonstrated greater reproductive activity at all sites with moderate growth and survival. 35 Together these data suggest the existence of O. lurida population structure within Puget Sound 36 and provide information on how broodstock should be selected for restoration purposes.

scholarly journals Enduring consequences of early experiences: 40 year effects on survival and success among African elephants ( Loxodonta africana )

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 20130011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis C. Lee ◽  
Luc F. Bussière ◽  
C. Elizabeth Webber ◽  
Joyce H. Poole ◽  
Cynthia J. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
African Elephants ◽  
Age At First Reproduction ◽  
Early Experiences ◽  
Plastic Responses ◽  
Over 40 Years

Growth from conception to reproductive onset in African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) provides insights into phenotypic plasticity, individual adaptive plastic responses and facultative maternal investment. Using growth for 867 and life histories for 2652 elephants over 40 years, we demonstrate that maternal inexperience plus drought in early life result in reduced growth rates for sons and higher mortality for both sexes. Slow growth during early lactation was associated with smaller adult size, later age at first reproduction, reduced lifetime survival and consequently limited reproductive output. These enduring effects of trading slow early growth against immediate survival were apparent over the very long term; delayed downstream consequences were unexpected for a species with a maximum longevity of 70+ years and unpredictable environmental experiences.

scholarly journals Reduced phenotypic plasticity evolves in less predictable environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Leung ◽  
Marie Rescan ◽  
Daphné Grulois ◽  
Luis-Miguel Chevin
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Dunaliella Salina ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Population Responses ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Environmental Predictability ◽  
Variable Environments ◽  
Plastic Responses

AbstractPhenotypic plasticity is a prominent mechanism for coping with variable environments, and a key determinant of extinction risk. Evolutionary theory predicts that phenotypic plasticity should evolve to lower levels in environments that fluctuate less predictably, because they induce mismatches between plastic responses and selective pressures. However this prediction is difficult to test in nature, where environmental predictability is not controlled. Here, we exposed 32 lines of the halotolerant microalga Dunaliella salina to ecologically realistic, randomly fluctuating salinity, with varying levels of predictability, for 500 generations. We found that morphological plasticity evolved to lower levels in lines that experienced less predictable environments. Evolution of plasticity mostly concerned phases with slow population growth, rather than the exponential phase where microbes are typically phenotyped. This study underlines that long-term experiments with complex patterns of environmental change are needed to test theories about population responses to altered environmental predictability, as currently observed under climate change.

Growth of Lampsilis radiata (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in Sand and Mud: A Reciprocal Transplant Experiment

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott G. Hinch ◽  
Robert C. Bailey ◽  
Roger H. Green
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Shell Shape ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Reciprocal Transplant Experiment ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
Two Populations

To examine the effects of habitat on shell growth and form, freshwater unionid clams (Lampsilis radiata) were reciprocally transplanted between a sandy and a muddy site in Inner Long Point Bay, Lake Erie. There were significant differences in the initial shell dimensions of the two populations, with the sand clams being larger and less obese than the mud clams. Pretransplant growth rate analysis, using annual rings, showed that long-term growth in the sand was greater than that in the mud. After 16 wk the transplanted clams were recovered. Overall growth rate was affected by the source of the clams, while transplant destination affected shape change (height growth per unit length growth). This suggests that shell growth rates may be under direct genetic control, while shell shape can be adaptively modified by environmental cues.

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