scholarly journals Effects of physical activity interventions in frail and prefrail community-dwelling people on frailty status, muscle strength, physical performance and muscle mass—a narrative review

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 244-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Haider ◽  
Igor Grabovac ◽  
Thomas E. Dorner
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Frailty Status ◽  
Physical Activity Interventions

scholarly journals Nutritional Intervention to Prevent the Functional Decline in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2820
Author(s):  
Julie Mareschal ◽  
Laurence Genton ◽  
Tinh-Hai Collet ◽  
Christophe Graf
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

Aging is a global public health concern. From the age of 50, muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance tend to decline. Sarcopenia and frailty are frequent in community-dwelling older adults and are associated with negative outcomes such as physical disability and mortality. Therefore, the identification of therapeutic strategies to prevent and fight sarcopenia and frailty is of great interest. This systematic review aims to summarize the impact of nutritional interventions alone or combined with other treatment(s) in older community-dwelling adults on (1) the three indicators of sarcopenia, i.e., muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance; and (2) the hospitalization and readmission rates. The literature search was performed on Medline and included studies published between January 2010 and June 2020. We included randomized controlled trials of nutritional intervention alone or combined with other treatment(s) in community-living subjects aged 65 or older. In total, 28 articles were retained in the final analysis. This systematic review highlights the importance of a multimodal approach, including at least a combined nutritional and exercise intervention, to improve muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance, in community-dwelling older adults but especially in frail and sarcopenic subjects. Regarding hospitalization and readmission rate, data were limited and inconclusive. Future studies should continue to investigate the effects of such interventions in this population.

scholarly journals Prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults in Ireland: comparison of EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2 definitions

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caoileann Murphy ◽  
Aoibheann McMorrow ◽  
Ellen Flanagan ◽  
Helen Cummins ◽  
Sinead McCarthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
European Working ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

AbstractSarcopenia is a muscle disease rooted in adverse muscle changes that accrue across a lifetime. It is an independent risk factor for numerous adverse health outcomes. In 2010, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) published a definition for the identification of people with sarcopenia (EWGSOP1). In 2018, this definition was updated based on the newest evidence (EWGSOP2), with the focus now on low muscle strength rather than low muscle quantity as the key characteristic of sarcopenia. In addition, EWGSOP2 provides clear cut-off points for measurements of variables that identify sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults in Ireland for the first time and to assess agreement between the EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2 definitions. In a cross-sectional analysis, 490 community-dwelling adults (age 78.4 ± 8.0 y, body mass index 27.6 ± 5.1 kg/m2) were assessed. Skeletal muscle mass was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis, muscle strength was measured via handgrip dynamometry and physical performance via the Short Physical Performance Battery. Sarcopenia was defined according to both the 2010 criteria (EWGSOP1) and the updated 2018 criteria (EWGSOP2). Using the EWGSOP1 criteria, the prevalence of sarcopenia was 7.1% (2.6% sarcopenia, 4.5% severe sarcopenia) and 3.6% were classified as pre-sarcopenic (low muscle mass without a decrement in strength or physical performance). Using the EWGSOP2 criteria, the prevalence of sarcopenia was 5.5% (1.6% sarcopenia, 3.9% severe sarcopenia) and 23.4 % were classified as having low strength but without a decrement in muscle mass. Five of the participants who were classified as sarcopenic (2 sarcopenia, 3 severe sarcopenia) by EWGSOP1 were classified as “normal” using the EWGSOP2 criteria. In conclusion, the prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults in Ireland is in line with the prevalence reported in other European countries using the EWGSOP1 criteria (3.3–11.4 %). To our knowledge this is the first study to compare the prevalence based on the EWGSOP1 and the EWGSOP2 criteria. We report a slightly lower prevalence using the EWGSOP2 definition compared to the EWGSOP1 definition. Importantly however, in contrast to EWGSOP1, the EWGSOP2 definition identified a substantial proportion of older adults with poor strength in the absence of overt sarcopenia (23.4%). These older adults represent a group who would benefit from further clinical investigation and intervention.

scholarly journals Testosterone but not estradiol level is positively related to muscle strength and physical performance independent of muscle mass: a cross-sectional study in 1489 older men

2011 ◽  
Vol 164 (5) ◽  
pp. 811-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tung Wai Auyeung ◽  
Jenny Shun Wah Lee ◽  
Timothy Kwok ◽  
Jason Leung ◽  
Claes Ohlsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Mass

ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between different measures of testosterone and estradiol (E2), muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance; and to test whether the association of sex hormone level with muscle strength and physical performance was independent of muscle mass.Design and methodsA cross-sectional survey on 1489 community-dwelling men older than 64 years of age. Serum levels of testosterone and E2were measured by mass spectrometry, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were measured by immunoradioassay. Muscle mass was examined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and physical performance was assessed by hand-grip strength, gait speed, step length and chair-stand test.ResultsAppendicular skeletal mass (ASM) was positively associated with total testosterone (TT;P<0.001), free testosterone (FT;P<0.001), and total E2(P<0.001) but not with free E2(P=0.102). After adjustment for age, serum SHBG and relative ASM, both TT and FT were significantly associated with grip strength, narrow-walk speed and the composite neuromuscular score. Higher total E2, but not free E2was associated with lower grip strength (P<0.05) after adjustment for age, FT, SHBG and relative ASM.ConclusionsTestosterone level was related to both muscle mass, strength and physical performance. Total E2level, though related to muscle mass positively, affected muscle strength adversely in older men.

scholarly journals A Review on Aging, Sarcopenia, Falls, and Resistance Training in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 874
Author(s):  
Filipe Rodrigues ◽  
Christophe Domingos ◽  
Diogo Monteiro ◽  
Pedro Morouço
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Resistance Training Program

As aging continues to grow in our society, sarcopenia and associated fall risk is considered a public health problem since falling is the third cause of chronic disability. Falls are negatively related to functionality and independence and positively associated with morbidity and mortality. The cost of treatment of secondary injuries related to falls is high. For example, one in ten fall incidents leads to bone fractures and several other comorbidities. As demonstrated by several experimental studies, adopting a more active lifestyle is critical for reducing the number of fall episodes and their consequences. Therefore, it is essential to debate the proven physical exercise methods to reduce falls and fall-related effects. Since muscle mass, muscle strength, bone density, and cartilage function may play significant roles in daily activities, resistance training may positively and significantly affect the elderly. This narrative review aimed to examine current evidence on existing resistance training using resistance machines and bodyweight or low-cost equipment for the elderly and how they are related to falls and fall-related consequences. We provide theoretical links between aging, sarcopenia, and falls linking to resistance training and offer practical suggestions to exercise professionals seeking to promote regular physical exercise to promote quality of life in this population. Exercise programs focusing on strength may significantly influence muscle mass and muscle strength, minimizing functional decline and risk of falling. Resistance training programs should be customized to each elderly according to age, sex, and other fundamental and individual aspects. This narrative review provides evidence to support recommendations for practical resistance training in the elderly related to intensity and volume. A properly designed resistance training program with adequate instructions and technique is safe for the elderly. It should include an individualized approach based on existing equipment (i.e., body weight, resistance machines). Existing literature shows that exercise performance towards 2–3 sets of 1–2 exercises per major muscle group, performing 5–8 repetitions or achieving intensities of 50–80% of 1RM, 2–3 times per week should be recommended, followed by training principles such as periodization and progression. Bearing this in mind, health and exercise professionals should combine efforts focusing on efficient strategies to reduce falls among the elderly and promote higher experiences of well-being at advanced stages in life.

scholarly journals Associations of sarcopenia components with physical activity and nutrition in Australian older adults performing exercise training

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina Akehurst ◽  
David Scott ◽  
Juan Peña Rodriguez ◽  
Carol Alonso Gonzalez ◽  
Jasmaine Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Timed Up And Go

Abstract Background The risk of progressive declines in skeletal muscle mass and strength, termed sarcopenia, increases with age, physical inactivity and poor diet. The purpose of this study was to explore and compare associations of sarcopenia components with self-reported physical activity and nutrition in older adults participating in resistance training at Helsinki University Research [HUR] and conventional gyms for over a year, once a week, on average. Methods The study looked at differences between HUR (n = 3) and conventional (n = 1) gyms. Muscle strength (via handgrip strength and chair stands), appendicular lean mass (ALM; via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) and physical performance (via gait speed over a 4-m distance, short physical performance battery, timed up and go and 400-m walk tests) were evaluated in 80 community-dwelling older adults (mean ± SD 76.5 ± 6.5 years). Pearson correlations explored associations for sarcopenia components with self-reported physical activity (via Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly [PASE]) and nutrition (via Australian Eating Survey). Results No differences in PASE and the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS) were observed between HUR and conventional gyms, however HUR gym participants had a significantly higher self-reported protein intake (108 ± 39 g vs 88 ± 27 g; p = 0.029) and a trend to have higher energy intake (9698 ± 3006 kJ vs 8266 ± 2904 kJ; p = 0.055). In both gym groups, gait speed was positively associated with self-reported physical activity (r = 0.275; p = 0.039 and r = 0.423; p = 0.044 for HUR and conventional gyms, respectively). ALM was positively associated with protein (p = 0.047, r = 0.418) and energy (p = 0.038, r = 0.435) intake in the conventional gym group. Similar associations were observed for ALM/h2 in the HUR group. None of the sarcopenia components were associated with ARFS in either gym group. Conclusion Older adults attending HUR and conventional gyms had similar self-reported function and nutrition (but not protein intake). Inadequate physical activity was associated with low gait speed and inadequate nutrition and low protein ingestion associated with low lean mas, even in older adults participating in exercise programs. Optimal physical activity and nutrition are important for maintaining muscle mass and function in older adults.

scholarly journals Muscle mass rather than muscle strength or physical performance is associated with metabolic syndrome in community-dwelling older Chinese adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiyu Song ◽  
Peipei Han ◽  
Yinjiao Zhao ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhang ◽  
Liyan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
High Waist Circumference ◽  
Older Chinese ◽  
Older Chinese Adults

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine whether muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance were associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in community-dwelling older Chinese adults. Methods The study comprised of 1413 community-dwelling Chinese participants (577 men; mean ± standard deviation age: 71.3 ± 5.9) recruited from Tianjin and Shanghai, China who were invited to participate in a comprehensive geriatric assessment. The International Diabetes Federation metabolic syndrome guidelines were used to define MetS, including high waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting blood glucose, elevated triglycerides, and reduced HDL cholesterol. Muscle mass was measured by appendicular skeletal muscle mass/weight (ASM/weight), and ASM was measured by BIA. Muscle strength was measured using grip strength. Physical performance was represented by walking speed and the time up and go test (TUGT). Results The overall prevalence of MetS was 46.8% (34.1% in males and 55.5% in females). In the final logistic regression model, there was a significant, graded inverse association between muscle mass and MetS (p for trend = 0.014). Muscle strength and physical performance, including walking speed and TUGT, were not associated with overall MetS. In the components of MetS, muscle mass and grip strength were significantly inversely associated with high waist circumference and elevated blood pressure (p < 0.05), while physical performance was not associated with components of MetS. Conclusions Compared with muscle strength and muscle function, muscle mass was inversely associated with MetS in a community-dwelling elderly Chinese population. Among muscle mass、muscle strength and physical performance, muscle mass appears to have the strongest association with MetS in the elderly.

scholarly journals Elastic Band Training Effect to Parameters of Sarcopenia in Elderly Community-Dwelling

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitriana Biben ◽  
Irma Ruslina Defi ◽  
Derry Suselo
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Elastic Band ◽  
Strengthening Exercise

Physiologically aging causes the decreased of muscle mass, strength, and or limited activity known as sarcopenia in the elderly. The decrease in muscle capacity occurs in all elderly, active, or sedentary. Exercise for the elderly is considered not enough to prevent the decrease of function that will occur. Therefore, it is necessary to add strength training to the elderly, such as elastic band exercise. The effect of strength training in 12 weeks with elastic band strengthening exercise on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance as sarcopenia parameters measured in this study. The interventional study design was conducted in elderly community-dwelling in Bandung city, West Java, from May to July 2016. Thirty elderly (60–81 years old) muscle mass measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), handgrip strength using hand dynamometer and walking distance as the parameter of physical performance, using 6-minute walking test. Significant differences found in hand muscle strength (p=0.007), walking distance (p=0.000) after elastic band strengthening exercise, but there were no significant changes in muscle mass (p=0.236) even though the muscle mass increased after 12 weeks of strengthening exercise. In conclusion, additional elastic band strength exercise for regular elderly exercise can increase muscle strength and physical performance. PENGARUH LATIHAN DENGAN PITA ELASTIK TERHADAP PARAMETER SARKOPENIA PADA USILA DI KOMUNITASPenuaan secara fisiologis menyebabkan penurunan massa, kekuatan otot dan/atau keterbatasan aktivitas pada usia lanjut (usila). Penurunan kemampuan otot ini terjadi pada semua usila, baik yang aktif maupun nonaktif sehingga senam usila yang ada dianggap tidak mencukupi untuk mencegah penurunan fungsi yang akan terjadi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penambahan latihan kekuatan pada usila seperti latihan kekuatan menggunakan pita elastik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh latihan kekuatan dengan pita elastik selama 12 minggu terhadap massa otot, kekuatan otot, dan performa fisik yang merupakan parameter sarkopenia pada usila. Desain penelitian intervensi dilakukan pada usila di komunitas Kota Bandung, Jawa Barat periode bulan Mei sampai Juli 2016. Sebanyak 30 partisipan (usia 60–81 tahun) diukur massa otot menggunakan bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) dan kekuatan otot menggunakan dinamometer tangan, serta uji jalan 6 menit untuk mengukur performa fisik. Perbedaan bermakna ditemukan pada kekuatan otot tangan (p=0,007) dan jarak tempuh jalan (p=0,000) setelah dilakukan latihan kekuatan dengan pita elastik, tetapi tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada massa otot tangan dan kaki (p=0,236) walaupun terjadi peningkatan massa otot setelah dilakukan latihan selama 12 minggu. Simpulan, penambahan latihan kekuatan dengan pita elastik pada program senam usila meningkatkan secara bermakna kekuatan otot dan performa fisik usila.

scholarly journals Sarcopenia, Cardiopulmonary Fitness, and Physical Disability in Community-Dwelling Elderly People

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 1277-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Yueh Chien ◽  
Hsu-Ko Kuo ◽  
Ying-Tai Wu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Fitness

Background Sarcopenia refers to the loss of skeletal muscle mass with aging. It is believed to be associated with functional impairment and physical disability. Objective The purposes of this study were: (1) to compare the physical activity, muscle strength (force-generating capacity), cardiopulmonary fitness, and physical disability in community-dwelling elderly people with sarcopenia, borderline sarcopenia, and normal skeletal muscle mass in Taiwan and (2) to test the hypothesis that sarcopenia is associated with physical disability and examine whether the association is mediated by decreased muscle strength or cardiopulmonary fitness. Design This was a cross-sectional investigation. Methods Two hundred seventy-five community-dwelling elderly people (148 men, 127 women) aged ≥65 years participated in the study. The participants were recruited from communities in the district of Zhongzheng, Taipei. Predicted skeletal muscle mass was estimated using a bioelectrical impedance analysis equation. The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was calculated by dividing skeletal muscle mass by height squared. Physical disability was assessed using the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale. Physical activity was assessed using a 7-day recall physical activity questionnaire. Cardiopulmonary fitness was assessed using a 3-minute step test, and grip strength was measured to represent muscle strength. Results Cardiopulmonary fitness was significantly lower in elderly people with sarcopenia than in those with normal SMIs. Grip strength and daily energy expenditure (kcal/kg/day) were not significantly different between the participants with sarcopenia and those with normal SMIs. The odds ratio for physical disability between the participants with sarcopenia and those with normal SMIs was 3.03 (95% confidence interval=1.21–7.61). The odds ratio decreased and the significant difference diminished after controlling for cardiopulmonary fitness. Limitations A causal relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity, cardiopulmonary fitness, and physical disability cannot be established because of the cross-sectional nature of study design. Conclusions Sarcopenia was associated with physical disability in elderly men. The association between sarcopenia and physical disability was mediated to a large extent by decreased cardiopulmonary fitness.

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