Sodium hypochlorite penetration into dentinal tubules after manual dynamic agitation and ultrasonic activation: a histochemical evaluation

The purpose of this ex vivo study was to determine, in "open" and "closed" systems, whether the design has an influence on the penetration length of sodium hypochlorite mixed with a radiopaque contrast medium, measured in millimeters, when delivered using positive pressure (PP) and using sonic (SI) or passive ultrasonic (PUI) activation. Sixty single-rooted teeth were divided into two groups: open and closed systems (n=30). Root canal shaping was performed to a working length of 17 mm. The samples were divided into three sub-groups (n=10) according to irrigant delivery and activation: PP, and SI or PUI activation. By using radiographs, penetration length was measured, and vapor lock was assessed. For the closed group, the penetration distance means were: PP 15.715 (±0.898) mm, SI 16.299 (±0.738) mm and PUI 16.813 (±0.465) mm, with vapor lock occurring in 53.3% of the specimens. In the open group, penetration to 17 mm occurred in 97.6% of the samples, and no vapor lock occurred. Irrigant penetration and distribution evaluation using open and closed systems provide significantly different results. For closed systems, PUI is the most effective in delivering the irrigant to working length, followed by SI.

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Efficacy of reciprocating and ultrasonic activation of 6% sodium hypochlorite in the reduction of microbial content and virulence factors in teeth with primary endodontic infection

International Endodontic Journal ◽

10.1111/iej.13261 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 53 (5) ◽

pp. 604-618 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E. Aveiro ◽

V. M. Chiarelli‐Neto ◽

A. de‐Jesus‐Soares ◽

A. A. Zaia ◽

C. C. R. Ferraz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virulence Factors ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Ultrasonic Activation ◽

Endodontic Infection

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Effect of Passive Ultrasonic Activation on Organic Tissue Dissolution from Simulated Grooves in Root Canals Using Sodium Hypochlorite with or without Surfactants and EDTA

Journal of Endodontics ◽

10.1016/j.joen.2017.01.041 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (7) ◽

pp. 1161-1165 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Roberto Estevez ◽

Antonio J. Conde ◽

Oliver Valencia de Pablo ◽

Francisco de la Torre ◽

Giampiero Rossi-Fedele ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Ultrasonic Activation ◽

Root Canals ◽

Organic Tissue

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Extension of Bactericidal Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite into Dentinal Tubules

Journal of Endodontics ◽

10.1016/j.joen.2013.09.045 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 825-829 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Debbie T.S. Wong ◽

Gary S.P. Cheung

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Bactericidal Effect ◽

Dentinal Tubules

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Consequences of chemical residue formation during potentiation of final irrigation

Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences ◽

10.20396/bjos.v19i0.8659594 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. e209594

Author(s):

Mirela Cesar Barros ◽

Jessica de Almeida Coelho ◽

Lidiane de Castro Pinto ◽

Marco Antônio Húngaro Duarte ◽

Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Color Change ◽

Dentinal Tubule ◽

Control Groups ◽

Dentinal Tubules ◽

Color Changes ◽

Irrigation Methods ◽

Chemical Residue ◽

Endodontic Irrigation ◽

Scanning Electron

Seeking to increase the efficiency of endodontic irrigation, the association of different solutions as final irrigant has been investigated, such as sodium hypochlorite with chlorhexidine. The literature shows that the combination of these substances leads to the formation of a brownish precipitate, but does not reveal measurements of the intensity of this precipitate and its consequences. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the change in dentin color and the obliteration of the dentinal tubules after the association of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with chlorhexidine (CHX) in the final irrigation. Methods: Fifty sterile human lower premolars were prepared with a ProDesign R 35.05 files and divided into 6 groups. Four different NaOCl concentrations (0.5%; 1%, 2.5% and 5.25%) associated with 2% CHX were tested, in addition to 2 control groups, using only 2.5% NaOCl and 2% CHX, respectively. After the final irrigation protocol, the dentin color change was evaluated by spectrophotometry immediately and after 24 hours, and the dentinal tubule obliteration was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: It was possible to verify that regardless the NaOCl concentration used when associated with CHX, a chemical residue was formed, with consequent dentin pigmentation and tubular obstruction. There was a trend towards increased dentin pigmentation and tubular obstruction due to the deposition of the chemical residue formed by this association. Conclusion: It can be concluded that all concentrations of NaOCl associated with CHX caused color changes and tubular obstruction, being proportional to the concentration of NaOCl used.

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Effect of EDTA, Sonic, and Ultrasonic Activation on the Penetration of Sodium Hypochlorite into Simulated Lateral Canals: An In Vitro Study

Journal of Endodontics ◽

10.1016/j.joen.2009.03.015 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 891-895 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Cesar de Gregorio ◽

Roberto Estevez ◽

Rafael Cisneros ◽

Carlos Heilborn ◽

Nestor Cohenca

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Ultrasonic Activation

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Differences in Penetration of Two Types of Calcium Silicate-Based Sealers with Ultrasonic Activation into Dentinal Tubules

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.31838/ijpr/2021.13.02.389 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

Keyword(s):

Calcium Silicate ◽

Ultrasonic Activation ◽

Dentinal Tubules

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Penetration Depth of Sodium Hypochlorite in Dentinal Tubules after Conventional Irrigation, Passive Ultrasonic Agitation and Nd:YAG Laser Activated Irrigation

Journal of lasers in medical sciences ◽

10.15171/jlms.2016.18 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 105-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Abdollah Ghorbanzadeh ◽

Mohsen Aminsobhani ◽

Khosro Sohrabi ◽

Nasim Chiniforush ◽

Sarvenaz Ghafari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Penetration Depth ◽

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Nd:Yag Laser ◽

Dentinal Tubules ◽

Ultrasonic Agitation ◽

Conventional Irrigation

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Alexidine versus chlorhexidine for endodontic irrigation with sodium hypochlorite

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.4103/ejd.ejd_180_17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (03) ◽

pp. 398-402

Author(s):

Kanav Jain ◽

Padmanidhi Agarwal ◽

Supriya Jain ◽

Mukut Seal ◽

Twisha Adlakha

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Color Change ◽

Multiple Time ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Dentinal Tubules ◽

Color Changes ◽

All Solutions ◽

Endodontic Irrigation ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to chemically evaluate precipitate formation on irrigation by different concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX) and alexidine (ALX) with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Materials and Methods: Six test tubes were prepared with 1 ml of 4% NaOCl. One milliliter of 2%, 1%, 0.5%, and 0.25% ALX was added to the first four, and in the last two, 1 ml of 2% CHX and 0.2% CHX was added, respectively. Samples were observed for color changes or precipitates at multiple time intervals. All solutions were then centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10 min and re-examined for precipitates. This process was repeated twice. Fifty freshly extracted premolars were biomechanically prepared, dried, divided into two groups, and irrigated with 10 ml of 4% NaOCl and 10 ml of 2% ALX (Group 1) and 10 ml of 4% NaOCl and 10 ml of 2% CHX (Group 2). These samples were sectioned and observed for precipitates on the dentinal surfaces by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The color of the solution of ALX and NaOCl stayed transparent and no precipitate was observed. A color change was noted immediately on mixing CHX and NaOCl which did not change with time. Precipitates were only observed in the solutions of CHX with NaOCl and after centrifuging them. SEM views also showed dense precipitates covering the dentinal surface and occluding the dentinal tubules in Group 2. Conclusion: The interaction of ALX and NaOCl does not produce precipitates which together with its better antimicrobial action make ALX a more effective and safer replacement for CHX as an adjunctive endodontic irrigant.

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