Effect of Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation over Organic Tissue of Simulated Internal Root Resorption

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on dissolving the organic tissue inside simulated internal root resorption (IRR) using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or chlorhexidine (CHX). A total of 40 human lower premolars were collected based on dimensional and morphological similarities. The roots were embedded in cylinders (3 cm diameter; 2.5 cm height) of self-cured acrylic resin, and then an IRR was simulated. The specimens were divided into 4 groups (n = 10) according to irrigation protocols: group 1: CHX + PUI; group 2: CHX; group 3: NaOCl + PUI; group 4: NaOCl. The total irrigation time was 150 s at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. A tissue mass of porcine palatine mucosa was used to simulate the organic tissue, it was weighed before and after the irrigation using an analytic balance, and the difference between both readings was calculated and transferred to percentage values. Data were submitted to statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA (factors: irrigant type and with/without PUI) and Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons among the experimental groups (α = 0.05). There was a significant difference in both factors (irrigant: p = 0.04 ; PUI: p ≤ 0.001 ). The groups that used PUI were more effective in dissolving the organic tissue of the IRR simulation than the groups without PUI. PUI is more effective than the syringe and needle irrigation in organic tissue dissolution.

Penggunaan Bahan Restorasi di Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama)/RSGM FKG UPDM (B) pada Tahun 2014-2016

Dental caries results in destruction of hard structure of teeth that causes demineralization of calcified tissue associated with destruction of organic tissue due to microorganisms and fermented carbohydrates. Dental caries can be treated with tooth resroration. There are different types of materials for dental restorations, as follows: amalgam, composite resins, and glass ionomer cement (GIC). This study was aimed to obtain the usage of restoration materials at Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama) [RSGM FKG UPDM (B)] Jakarta from 2014 to 2016. This was a descriptive and retrospective study. Samples were obtained by using random sampling technique. There were 1322 cases categorized based on age, sex, and location of restoration. Amalgam restoration was the most common in patients aged 17-25 years and in females. Most teeth at posterior region were treated with amalgam restoration (72%). In conclusion, the most common cases were amalgam restoration, aged 17-25 years, female, and posterior location of restoration.Keywords: resin composite; glass ionomer cement (GIC); amalgam; dental caries Abstrak: Karies gigi adalah suatu penyakit infeksi yang merusak struktur keras gigi sehingga menyebabkan demineralisasi jaringan terkalsifikasi, disertai kerusakan jaringan organiknya yang disebabkan oleh aksi mikroorganisme dan karbohidrat yang dapat di fermentasi. Salah satu cara penanganan karies gigi ialah dengan cara merestorasi gigi menggunakan bahan restorasi gigi. Bahan restorasi yang sering digunakan saat ini ialah amalgam, resin komposit, dan glass ionomer cement (GIC). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensi penggunaan bahan restorasi di Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama)/RSGM FKG UPDM (B) Jakarta pada tahun 2014-2016. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif dengan pendekatan retrospektif. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik random sampling. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 1322 kasus yang dikategorikan berdasarkan usia, jenis kelamin, dan lokasi restorasi. Perawatan dengan amalgam lebih sering dilakukan oleh pasien yang berusia 17-25 tahun dan berjenis kelamin perempuan. Regio posterior merupakan regio gigi yang paling banyak mendapatkan restorasi dengan amalgam. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah penggunaan bahan restorasi terbanyak ialah restorasi amalgam dengan kelompok usia terbanyak 17-25 tahun, jenis kelamin perempuan, dan lokasi restorasi pada posterior (72%).Kata kunci: resin komposit; glass ionomer cement (GIC); amalgam; karies gigi

Influence of 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-Diphosphonic Acid on the Soft Tissue-Dissolving and Gelatinolytic Effect of Ultrasonically Activated Sodium Hypochlorite in Simulated Endodontic Environments

The addition of Dual Rinse HEDP, an etidronate powder, to a sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution can create a combined single endodontic irrigant with a soft tissue-dissolving and a decalcifying effect, which can replace traditional alternating irrigation with chemically non-compatible solutions. While the short-term compatibility between NaOCl and 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) has been shown, it remains unclear whether ultrasonic activation of a combined NaOCl & HEDP solution immediately reduces the available chlorine and/or renders the NaOCl ineffective in dissolving organic tissue remnants. This was tested in three experiments: (1) direct activation in test tubes in an ultrasonic bath and then the activation by an ultrasonically oscillating tip (IrriSafe) in (2) an epoxy resin model containing a simulated isthmus filled with gelatin, and (3) extracted teeth with simulated resorption cavities filled with soft tissue. The control solutions were physiological saline and 2.5% NaOCl without HEDP. In (1), available chlorine after 30 s of ultrasonic activation (37 kHz) of test and control solution was assessed, as well as shrimp tissue weight loss in direct exposure. In (2) and (3), the ultrasonic tip was driven at 1/3 of full power using the respective unit, and areas of removed gelatin from the isthmus and tissue weight loss were used as the outcomes, respectively. Experiment (1) revealed no negative impact by HEDP on available chlorine (1), while all three experiments showed a highly significant (p > 0.001) synergistic effect, which was not hampered by HEDP, between NaOCl and ultrasonic activation regarding tissue weight loss (1, 3) and dissolution of gelatin (2).

Material Decomposition in Low-Energy Micro-CT Using a Dual-Threshold Photon Counting X-Ray Detector

Material decomposition in computed tomography is a method for differentiation and quantification of materials in a sample and it utilizes the energy dependence of the linear attenuation coefficient. In this study, a post-image reconstruction material decomposition method is constructed for a low-energy micro-CT setup using a photon counting x-ray detector. The low photon energy range (4–11 keV) allows for K-edge contrast separation of naturally occurring materials in organic tissue without the need of additional contrast agents. The decomposition method was verified using a phantom and its capability to decompose biomedical samples was evaluated with paraffin embedded human atherosclerotic plaques. Commonly, the necessary dual energy data for material decomposition is obtained by manipulating the emitted x-ray spectrum from the source. With the photon counting detector, this data was obtained by acquiring two energy window images on each side of the K-edge of one material in the sample. The samples were decomposed into three materials based on attenuation values in manually selected regions. The method shows a successful decomposition of the verification phantom and a distinct distribution of iron, calcium and paraffin in the atherosclerotic plaque samples. Though the decompositions are affected by beam hardening and ring artifacts, the method shows potential for spectral evaluation of biomedical samples.

Effectiveness of Planned Teaching on Knowledge regarding First Aid for Burns and its Prevention among Parents of Children Under Five Years

Introduction: Naturally, the kids are curious. They begin exploring their environment and engaging with new objects as soon as they are mobile. But at the same time, while playing with fire or touching hot objects, they are likely to cause serious harm to themselves. Burn is characterised as damage to the skin or other organic tissue caused by thermal trauma, occurring when any or more of the skin cells or other tissue are killed by hot liquids, hot solids (contact burns), or flames (flame burns). Owing to radiation, radioactivity, strength, friction or chemical contact, burns are also considered to be skin or other organic tissue wounds. Aim: To determine the current awareness of parents of children under five years with respect to first aid for burns and prevention. Evaluating the efficacy of planned awareness teaching among parents and to associate the knowledge with the selected demographic variables. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in rural areas of Wardha, Maharashtra and 60 participants were recruited on the basis of inclusion criteria, using the purposeful technique of sampling. Structured questionnaires were the resources and the expected teaching was provided after the pre-test. Results: According to the findings of the analysis in the score of pre-test information, 30% of parents of under five years kids had poor awareness score level, 70% of the parents of under five kids had average awareness score level, mean knowledge score was 5.20±1.97, post-test 10% of the parents of under five years kids had average, 80% good and 10% with an outstanding degree of knowledge score, the mean knowledge score was 10.30±1.87. Mean percentage score, pre-test was 32.50±12.32 and post-test, it improved to 64.37±11.73, thus indicating improved understanding of first aid for burns and its prevention for most parents. Conclusion: It was statistically interpreted that the planned teaching program of the parents of children under five years on knowledge regarding emergency management and prevention of burns was very effective and has improved the knowledge significantly.

Total Levels of Mercury Concentrations in Marine Fish - Kumasi, Ghana

Fish is an excellent source of high biological value protein, is low in saturated fat, and contains polyunsaturated fatty acids and some vitamins. Mercury occurs naturally in the environment as a result of human activities. In aquatic environments, inorganic mercury is converted into methylmercury (the most common form of organic mercury) by microorganisms present in sediment through accumulations in the aquatic food chain, including in fish and shellfish. Fish absorb methyl mercury from water as it passes over their gills and as they feed on organisms. The objective of the study is to determine mercury pollution levels in fresh fish in Central Market, Kumasi, Ghana. A total of 42 fished were sampled randomly in separate labelled zip lock bags and stored in cold ice chest at different periods comparing of 27 different species after identification. Individual edible fish dorsal muscle tissue was taken and wet dried and analyzed using Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (CV-AAS) method which is really simple, accurate and rapid. The concentration of mercury in fish samples from the marine sea were determined with a mixture of HNO3, HClO4 and H2SO4 for complete oxidation of the organic tissue. The results showed that there was substantial amount of mercury in the fish samples ranged from 15.29 - 981.99 ng/g or ppb wet weight which is less than the FAO/WHO limits of 0.5 ppm wet weight. The study showed low concentrations of mercury in the fish species which do not appear to contribute any significant mercury exposure to the general population. It suggests that a relatively clean marine environment due to minimal industrial activity in the region that has not yet been significantly impacted by mercury contamination.

Changing socio-spatial systems of urban living in twentieth century Iraq

Purpose Traditional architecture and urban form is a harmonious and interrelated blend of social relations, cultural beliefs and religious principles forming coherent spatial organisation living in harmony despite diversity of religious beliefs, social class or cultural practices of different communities. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the theoretical background of social cohesion and solidarity in the everyday life of the Mahalla with reference to its religious background in Islam. Design/methodology/approach The study of Beit Hadawi and Beit Hammadi el-Hassan as distinct evidences of prominent families within the boundaries of Mahallat El Mahdia in Old Hilla offers an empirical investigation on how values of the past informed and, to some extent, governed the very organic organisation of interlocking residential units in Iraq. Findings It investigates the architecture of home and the spatial organisation of Mahalla’s social activities through highlighting the effect of previous factors in creating a responsive environment that sustained its operational mechanism and fluidity over centuries. Originality/value This paper examines how previous values, traditions and rituals are behind the organic tissue of traditional quarters and thus providing an effective criterion to be considered when discussing sustainable development or creating a responsive environment in societies with exceptional privacy.