Monitoring a storm surge during Hurricane Harvey using multi-constellation GNSS-Reflectometry

GPS Solutions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Su-Kyung Kim ◽  
Jihye Park
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Gnss Reflectometry

scholarly journals Feasibility Analysis of GNSS-Reflectometry for Monitoring Coastal Hazards

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 976
Author(s):  
Su-Kyung Kim ◽  
Eunju Lee ◽  
Jihye Park ◽  
Sungwon Shin
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Level Measurement ◽  
Water Level Changes ◽  
Event Driven ◽  
Gnss Reflectometry

Coastal hazards, such as a tsunamis and storm surges, are a critical threat to coastal communities that lead to significant loss of lives and properties. To mitigate their impact, event-driven water level changes should be properly monitored. A tide gauge is one of the conventional water level measurement sensors. Still, alternative measurement systems can be needed to compensate for the role of tide gauge for contingency (e.g., broken and absence, etc.). Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is an emerging water level measurement sensor that processes multipath signals reflected by the water surface that is referred to as GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R). In this study, we adopted the GNSS-R technique to monitor tsunamis and storm surges by analyzing event-driven water level changes. To detect the extreme change of water level, enhanced GNSS-R data processing methods were applied which included the utilization of multi-band GNSS signals, determination of optimal processing window, and Kalman filtering for height rate determination. The impact of coastal hazards on water level retrievals was assessed by computing the confidence level of retrieval (CLR) that was computed based on probability of dominant peak representing the roughness of the water surface. The proposed approach was validated by two tsunami events, induced by 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake and 2015 Chile earthquake, and two storm surge events, induced by 2017 Hurricane Harvey and occurred in Alaska in 2019. The proposed method successfully retrieved the water levels during the storm surge in both cases with the high correlation coefficients with the nearby tide gauge, 0.944, 0.933, 0.987, and 0.957, respectively. In addition, CLRs of four events are distinctive to the type of coastal events. It is confirmed that the tsunami causes the CLR deduction, while for the storm surges, GNSS-R keep high CLR during the event. These results are possibly used as an indicator of each event in terms of storm surge level and tsunami arrival time. This study shows that the proposed approach of GNSS-R based water level retrieval is feasible to monitor coastal hazards that are tsunamis and storm surges, and it can be a promising tool for investigating the coastal hazards to mitigate their impact and for a better decision making.

IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON STORM SURGE RISKS TO CONTAINERS CONSIDERING GLOBAL WARMING

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikito Hisamatsu ◽  
Rikito Hisamatsu ◽  
Kei Horie ◽  
Kei Horie
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Inundation Depth ◽  
Risk Assessment Tools ◽  
Risk Maps ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vulnerability Functions

Container yards tend to be located along waterfronts that are exposed to high risk of storm surges. However, risk assessment tools such as vulnerability functions and risk maps for containers have not been sufficiently developed. In addition, damage due to storm surges is expected to increase owing to global warming. This paper aims to assess storm surge impact due to global warming for containers located at three major bays in Japan. First, we developed vulnerability functions for containers against storm surges using an engineering approach. Second, we simulated storm surges at three major bays using the SuWAT model and taking global warming into account. Finally, we developed storm surge risk maps for containers based on current and future situations using the vulnerability function and simulated inundation depth. As a result, we revealed the impact of global warming on storm surge risks for containers quantitatively.

The Eastern Scheldt Project

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 51-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Knoester ◽  
J Visser ◽  
B A Bannink ◽  
C J Colijn ◽  
W P A Broeders
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Freshwater Lake ◽  
Tidal Basin ◽  
Decisionmaking Process ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Civil Engineers

In the planning of the Delta-works, carried out in the Southwestern Netherlands, the Eastern Scheldt was the largest and therefore last tidal basin to be fully closed mainly to protect the area from floods. Increased recognition for the natural value of estuaries and a strong lobby from nature conservationists and shellfish producers led to a reconsideration of original plans, confirmed by a series of governmental decisions. Per consequence execution of the present plans will result in a storm-surge barrier at the entrance of the tidal basin together with two partitioning dams, separating the (reduced) tidal Eastern Scheldt from a new freshwater lake. Attention is paid to the present values in the Eastern Scheldt and briefly to changes involved by the project. The decisionmaking process is described and discussed: In the course of the project the majority of decisions taken were prepared by teams of ecologists, civil engineers, hydrologists and financial experts using policy-analysis methods. For guidance of developments in the influenced area the local government accepted a policy plan, in which human uses are regulated. Operations of the barrier are designed such that safety from flooding is guaranteed, while adverse effects for the tidal ecosystems are minimized.

Towards Control of an Estuary

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 155-174
Author(s):  
Henk L. F. Saeijs
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Intertidal Flats ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Short Time

The Delta Project is in its final stage. In 1974 it was subjected to political reconsideration, but it is scheduled now for completion in 1987. The final touches are being put to the storm-surge barrier and two compartment dams that divide the Oosterschelde into three areas: one tidal, one with reduced tide, and one a freshwater lake. Compartmentalization will result in 13% of channels, 45% of intertidal flats and 59% of salt marshes being lost. There is a net gain of 7% of shallow-water areas. Human interventions with large scale impacts are not new in the Oosterschelde but the large scale and short time in which these interventions are taking place are, as is the creation of a controlled tidal system. This article focusses on the area with reduced tide and compares resent day and expected characteristics. In this reduced tidal part salt marshes will extend by 30–70%; intertidal flats will erode to a lower level and at their edges, and the area of shallow water will increase by 47%. Biomass production on the intertidal flats will decrease, with consequences for crustaceans, fishes and birds. The maximum number of waders counted on one day and the number of ‘bird-days' will decrease drastically, with negative effects for the wader populations of western Europe. The net area with a hard substratum in the reduced tidal part has more than doubled. Channels will become shallower. Detritus import will not change significantly. Stratification and oxygen depletion will be rare and local. The operation of the storm-surge barrier and the closure strategy chosen are very important for the ecosystem. Two optional closure strategies can be followed without any additional environmental consequences. It was essential to determine a clearly defined plan of action for the whole area, and to make land-use choices from the outset. How this was done is briefly described.

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